Senses

Senses

Sense

Sensation

Sensory receptors
Types of Senses

General Special
senses senses

somatic visceral
Types of Receptors
Mechanoreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors
 Types of Touch Receptors

Hair follicle Meissner Ruffini Pacinian

Merkel’s disk
receptors corpuscle corpuscle corpuscle
OLFACTION
Olfaction
• What is it?
- sense of smell
- occurs in response to
odorants
- receptors are located
in nasal cavity and
hard palate
- we can detected
10,000 different smells
Figure 9.3b
 Olfactory tract Olfactory nerves

Olfaction

Olfactory bulb Olfactory mucosa

G U S TAT I O N
 Taste
 Taste buds:
- sensory structures that detect taste
- located on papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat

 Inside each taste bud are 40 taste cells

 Each taste cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores
Tongue
Projection Pathway for Taste

Facial nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve

CN VII CN IX CN X
 How does taste work?
15

1. Taste buds pick up taste and send it to

taste cells.
2. Taste cells send taste to taste hairs.
3. Taste hairs contain receptors that initiate
an action potential which is carried to
parietal lobe.
4. Brain processes taste.
Sense of Sight
Vision

Iris

Pupil
Vision
Anatomy of the Eye Orbital Region
• The Orbital Region
• Protected by surrounding
bones
• Supported by connective
tissues
• Cushioned by fatty
tissues behind the eyes
 Vision Vision
Accessory Structures
 Eyebrow:

- protects from sweat

- shade from sun
 Conjunctiva:
thin membrane that covers inner surface of eyelid
- secretes mucus film

 Lacrimal apparatus:
produces tears

 Extrinsic eye muscles:

help move eyeball
Accessory Structure
Orbital Bones

Nasal Frontal Maxilla

Ethmoid
Sphenoid Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Palatine
Levator palpebrae superioris m. Orbicularis oculi m.
Superior rectus m. Medial rectus m.

Extrinsic Muscles
of the Eye

Lateral rectus m. Superior oblique m.

Inferior rectus m. Inferior oblique m.

Figure 9.8
Anatomy of Eye

Hollow, fluid filled sphere

Composed of 3 layers (tunics)

Divided into chambers

Tunics of the Eyeball

Fibrous Vascular Nervous

(Cornea & Sclera) (Iris, Ciliary body, Choroid coat) (Retina)
 Fibrous Tunic

 Outermost layer

 Cornea:
- transparent structure that covers iris and pupil
- allows light to enter and focuses light

 Sclera:
- firm, white outer part
- helps maintain eye shape, provides attachment
sites, protects internal structures
Cornea & Sclera

Cornea Sclera
 Vascular Tunic
 Middle layer

 Choroid:
- black part (melanin)
- delivers O2 and nutrients to retina
-Provides blood supply and absorbs scattered light.
 Ciliary body:
- helps hold lens in place
-Secretes aqueous humor and alters shape of lens
for near or far vision (accommodation).
Iris, Ciliary Body, & Choroid Coat

Iris
Ciliary body Choroid coat

Iris
 Lens:
- flexible disk
- focuses light onto retina
 Iris:
- colored part
- surrounds and regulates pupil
 Pupil:
- regulates amount of light entering
- lots of light = constricted
- little light = dilated
Iris
Iris and Pupil

Iris Pupil
Lens
Cornea Anterior
chamber

Iris
Ciliary
body
Posterior
chamber

Lens
Suspensory
ligaments

Vitreous Sclera
humor
EARL ADRIANE A. CANO, RMT
 Nervous Tunic
 Innermost tunic
 Retina:
- Lines the interior of the eye posterior to the ciliary
body
- covers posterior of eye
- contains 2 layers

 Pigmented retina:
- outer layer
- keeps light from reflecting back in eye
 Sensory retina:
- contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
- contains interneurons
 Rods:

- photoreceptor sensitive to light

- 20 times more rods than cones
- can function in dim light
 Cones:

- photoreceptor provide color vision

- 3 types blue, green, red
PHOTORECEPTORS

RODS

CONES
A normal retina, as seen
through an ophthalmoscope.
Rhodopsin

Opsin

Retinal
 Effects of Light on Rhodopsin
1. Light strikes rod cell
2. Retinal changes shape
3. Opsin changes shape
4. Retinal dissociates from opsin
5. Change rhodopsin shape stimulates response in rod cell which results in
vision
6. Retinal detaches from opsin
7. ATP required to reattach retinal to opsin and return rhodopsin to original
shape
Lens
 Chambers of Eye

 ANTERIOR CAVITY
 Anterior chamber:
- located between cornea and lens
- filled with aqueous humor (watery)
- aqueous humor helps maintain pressure, refracts light,
and provide nutrients to inner surface of eye
 Posterior chamber:
- located behind anterior chamber
- contains aqueous humor
 Vitreous chamber:
- filled with vitreous humor: jelly-like substance
- Contains vitreous body that helps maintain
shape of eyeball and keeps retina attached to
choroid.
Neuronal Pathway for Vision
Eye Defects

Myopia Presbyopia Colorblindness

Hyperopia Astigmatism Glaucoma

Hearing
Hearing
Anatomy of the Ear
• Frequency of sound waves, measured in hertz,
determines pitch.
• Volume is measured in decibels.
• Determined by the size of the sound wave(vibration)
• The bigger vibration the louder the volume
 Hearing and Balance
External (Outer) Ear
 Extends from outside of head to eardrum
 Auricle:
fleshy part on outside
 External auditory meatus:
canal that leads to eardrum
 Tympanic membrane:
- eardrum
- thin membrane that separates external and
middle ear
Hearing

Tympanic
Auricle membrane

External
Temporal auditory
bone canal
Middle Ear
 Air filled chamber

 Malleus (hammer):
bone attached to tympanic membrane
 Incus (anvil):
bone that connects malleus to stapes
 Stapes (stirrup):
bone located at base of oval window
Auditory Ossicles
Middle Ear

Malleus Incus Stapes

Stapedius muscle
Tensor tympani muscle

Auditory tube Oval window

Inner Ear
 Set of fluid filled chambers

EARL ADRIANE A. CANO, RMT

 Bony labyrinth:
- tunnels filled with fluid
- 3 regions: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular
canals
 Membranous labyrinth:
- inside bony labyrinth
- filled with endolymph
 How do we hear?
1. Sound travels in waves through air and is funneled into
ear by auricle.
2. Auricle through external auditory meatus to tympanic
membrane.
3. Tympanic membrane vibrates and sound is amplified by
malleus, incus, stapes which transmit sound to oval
window.
4. Oval window produces waves in perilymph of cochlea.
5. Vibrations of perilymph cause vestibular
membrane and endolymph to vibrate.
6. Endolymph cause displacement of basilar
membrane.
7. Movement of basilar membrane is detected by
hair hairs in spiral organ.
8. Hair cells become bent and cause action
potential is created.
Balance (Equilibrium)

Static
equilibrium:

Dynamic
equilibrium:
 Vestibule Maculae Otoliths

Semicircular Crista
Ampulla
canals ampullaris

Cupula
 Semicircular canals:
- dynamic equil.
- sense movement if any direction
 Ampulla:
base of semicircular canal
 Crista ampullaris:
in ampulla
 Cupula:
- gelatinous mass
- contains microvilli
- float that is displaced by endolymph movement
Diagnostic Tests for Disorders
of the Senses

Ishihara
Rinne test Weber test
test

Snellen test Tonometry