18M 303 C

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In previous period we have studied about

 Zeroth law of thermodynamics

 First law of thermodynamics, Carollaries, Limitations.

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On the completion of this period, you would be able to

 Know second law of thermodynamics

Clausius Statement
Kelvin Plank Statement
 Problems Associated with Second law of TD.

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 The limitations of first law give rise to second law of

thermodynamics. An important aspect of the second law is
its application to heat engine cycle.

Heat engine cycle:

 A heat engine cycle is a series of processes during which

there is a net heat flow to the system and net work
delivered to the surrounding. The system or device which
execute this cycle is called heat engine.

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Second law of Thermodynamics

The performance of the cycle is represented by the term

Thermal Efficiency ( th) and may be expressed by the
equation.
Net Work

Thermal Efficiency ( )=th
Heat supplied

= Heat supplied - Heat rejected

Heat supplied
= Q1 – Q 2
Q1
Where Q1=heat supplied
Q2=heat rejected
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 The Second law of Thermodynamics has been stated in many

ways:

 The most common statements of Second Law of

Thermodynamics are Kelvin-Planck statement and Clausius
statement.

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 It states that “ It is impossible to construct an engine working on a

cyclic process, whose sole purpose is to convert all the heat
supplied to it into equivalent amount of work”.

 In other words, no actual heat engine working on a cyclic process,

can convert whole of the heat supplied to it, into mechanical work.

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PMM2

 A heat engine which violates this statement of the second law of

Thermodynamics (i.e., a heat engine which convents whole of
the heat energy into mechanical work) is known as perpetual
motion of machine of second kind (PMM2) or 100 percent
efficient machine which is impossible to obtain in actual
practice.

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 Fig shows representation of Kelvin-Planck statement

Source, T1 Source, T1
Q1 Q1

E E W=Q1- Q2
W = Q1
Q2
Sink, T2

Fig 1. Device violating Fig 2. Device that satisfying

Kelvin-plank statement Kelvin-plank statement
(PMM2) ( Heat Engine)

heat rejected is zero

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 It states that “ it is impossible to construct a device that operates in

a cycle whose sole effect is the transfer of heat energy from a
body at a lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature”.

 Another form of Clausius statement states that “ heat cannot flow

from a body at low temperature to another body at a higher
temperature without the aid of external energy”.

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Clausius statement

 The device in fig.3 violates the Clausius statement because no

input work is supplied to the device to transfer heat from a cold
body to a hot body.

 The device in fig.4 does not violate the Clausius statement since
work is required to transfer heat from low temperature body to
high temperature body. This device is called heat pump or
refrigerator.

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High Temp. body, T1

High Temp. body, T1

Q Q1

E E W

Q2
Low temp. body,T2
Low temp. body,T2

Fig4. Device that satisfying

Fig 3. Device violating
Clausius statement
Clausius statement
( Heat pump)

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 There is no difference between the cycle of operation of the

heat pump and refrigerator and achieve the same overall
objective, but the basic purpose of each is quite different.

 Refrigerator is used to maintain low temperature and is used

for cooling.
Eg: Refrigerator
 Where as heat pump is used to maintain high temperature and
is used for heating .
Eg: winter air conditioning

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Clausius statement
The performance of heat pump or refrigerator is measured in
terms of coefficient of performance ( COP).
required effect
COP 
work supplied Where
Q1
(COP ) hp 
W Q1=Heat added
Q2
(COP ) ref  Q2= heat removed
W
Workdone
ηH.E 
Heatsupplied W=Work=Q1-Q2

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 M304.8

A heat engine is supplied with 6960 kJ/min of heat and

develops an output of 50 kW. Find out thermal efficiency & heat

rejected.

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Heat supplied =Qs=6960 kJ/min=116 kJ/sec.
Work done = W=50 kW=50 kJ/sec.

Solution :
workdone W
We know that  
heat sup plied Qs
50
  0.4310
116
  43.10%

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We also know that
Q s  Qr

Qs
whereQr  heatrejected
116  Qr
0.431 
116
0.431 116  116  Qr
Qr  66kJ / sec .

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 M304.8

 In this period you have learnt to

 Second Law of Thermodynamics
 Solve numerical problems on laws of thermodynamics

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 M304.8

1. Heat engine develops an output of 15.5 kW by receiving

heat at 40 kJ/sec. calculate thermal efficiency and heat
rejected by engine.
2. A closed system is subjected to a process in which the
volume changes from 0.025 m3 to 0.26 m3 at a constant
pressure of 370 k pa. the amount of heat received is 80 kJ.
Determine work done and change in internal energy.

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1. State thermodynamics Second law ?

2. What are PMM 1 & PMM 2 ?

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THANK YOU….

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