Arguments and

Euler Diagram
GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World
Outline
i. Arguments and a Valid Argument
ii. The Converse, Inverse and the Contrapositive
I. Arguments and a
Valid Argument
An argument consists of a set of statements
called premises and another statement called
the conclusion. An argument is valid if the
conclusion is true whenever all the premises
are assumed to be true. An argument is invalid
if it is not a valid argument.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 In the argument about Aristotle, the two premises and the conclusion are shown
below.
 It is customary to place a horizontal line between the premises and the conclusion.

First premise: If Aristotle was human, then Aristotle was mortal.

Second premise: Aristotle was human.
Conclusion: Therefore, Aristotle was mortal.

 Arguments can be written in symbolic form. For instance, if we let represent the
statement “Aristotle was human” and represent the statement “Aristotle was mortal,”
then the argument can be expressed as
 
 Euler Diagrams
All cars have wheels.

vehicles
cars with wheels

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Euler Diagrams
Some cars have wheels.

vehicles
cars with wheels

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Euler Diagrams
No car has wheels

vehicles
with wheels
cars

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Valid Argument
✘
All  FEU students has access to Canvas access

Canvas.
Greta is an FEU student. FEU
Greta has access to Canvas. students

Greta

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Invalid Argument
✘
All  FEU students has access to Canvas

Canvas. access

Greta has access to Canvas FEU

Greta is an FEU student. students

Greta
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
 Valid Argument
✘
All  FEU students has access to Canvas

Canvas. access

Greta has NO access to Canvas. FEU

Greta is NOT an FEU student. students

Greta
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
 Invalid Argument
✘
All  FEU students has access to Canvas

Canvas. access

Greta is NOT an FEU student. FEU

Greta has NO access to Canvas. students

Greta
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
 Invalid Argument
✘
Some
  FEU students has access to
Canvas. Canvas
Bruno has access to Canvas. access
Bruno is an FEU student.
Bruno
FEU students

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Valid Argument
✘
All  dogs are animals. Animals
Some dogs are hairy.
Dogs
∴Some animals are hairy.

hairy
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
 Invalid Argument
✘
All  dogs are animals. animals
q: Some animals are hairy. dogs
∴Some dogs are hairy.

hairy
N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic
 Is this valid or invalid?
(Draw the Euler diagram.)
✘
All  mudrakels are bekimons.
All eklavus are jejemons.
No bekimon is a jejemon.
----------------------------------------------
Therefore, no mudrakel is an eklavu.

N. Blas GED0103 Mathematics in the Modern World Module 2: Logic

 Any questions?
If you have question about our discussion today, you can message
me here in Canvas or send me an email at aadvincula@feu.edu.ph

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