LAN/WAN Technologies

NETWORKING DEVICES [1/4]

NIC card Ethernet cable / LAN cable

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NETWORKING DEVICES [2/4]

Switch

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NETWORKING DEVICES [3/4]

Hub

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NETWORKING DEVICES [4/4]

Router Repeater

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PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

STAR LAN

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LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Centre backbone
cable

Server

BUS - LAN

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METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

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 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

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 METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

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 SUMMARY
PAN
Personal Area Network
Limited coverage
For interconnecting personal
gadgets to form home network
Technologies such as Digital Living
Network Alliance (DLNA),
Bluetooth technology
Uses Bluetooth, WiFi routers for
interconnection
Mainly for multimedia streaming,
entertainment etc.
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LAN
Local Area Network
Span up to few km. 10 km
maximum
For Interconnecting many
workstation. Primarily for
organizational purpose
Can use Ethernet standards such
as token ring, token bus etc.
Extensive LAN cabling needed.
May use WiFi (802.11) for
wireless access
For communication among
workstation in an office
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MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Can cover entire city. Ranges to
100 km as specification
For interconnecting different
LAN unit together to give as
single network
Uses technologies such as WiMax
(802.16), Fiber optics etc.
Uses, Fiber optics, Long rage
radio communications.
For rendering service like
Internet connectivity, Satellite
and cable TVs, Digital Music
Broadcasting etc.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)

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WAN OVERVIEW

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WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

• A Local Area Network (LAN) can span a single building or campus,

• A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) can span a single city

• A Wide Area Network (WAN) can span sites in multiple cities, countries,
continent

• WAN is the interconnection of different LAN network which geographically far away

• This Interconnection is made possible by means of connecting to Internet

• The communication in WAN can be made by leased line, packet switching, circuit
switching and cell relay

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WAN – CIRCUIT SWITCHING

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WAN – PACKET SWITCHING

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FRAME RELAY

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ORIGIN OF INTERNET - HISTORY

• Born in 1960

• Introduced to the world by United

States during world war II

• Initially called as ARPAnet

• Developed of a decentralized,
resilient, and self-configuring
communications
network

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ARPANET

The first ARPANET links were between UCLA

and the Stanford Research Institute in
November 1969. A month later links to the
University of Utah and the UC Santa Barbara
were added.

Len Kleinrock standing next to the first Inter

Message Processor (IMP) at UCLA

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INTERNET SERVICES

Telnet

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INTERNET – INSIDE THE WEB

World Wide Web is a consortium

That enables user of internet to store,
organize, retrieve the information in
internet.
It uses hyper link mechanism by means
of
clicking the high lighted text for
navigating
towards the information

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SUMMARY

WAN INTERNET
Wide Area Network Inter – networks

Used to connect different LANs which are It’s a global network comprises and made of WAN
geographically separated
Spans countries Entire Globe

Can be used by group of organization that are Interconnection of every device in world
deployed over longer distance
Unit division of internet Backbone for WAN

IP Addressing – 32 Bit for version 4 and 128 bit for version 6

32 bit IP address

• Class A addresses are for large networks with many devices.

• Class B addresses are for medium-sized networks.
• Class C addresses are for small networks (fewer than 256 devices).
• Class D addresses are multicast addresses.

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 Switching

Switching is process to forward packets coming in from one

port to a port leading towards the destination.

At broad level, switching can be divided into two major

categories:
•Connectionless
•Connection Oriented

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 Types of Switching
•Circuit Switching - When two nodes communicate with
each other over a dedicated communication path, it is called
circuit switching.

•Packet Switching - The entire message is broken down

into smaller chunks called packets. The switching information
is added in the header of each packet and transmitted
independently.

•Message Switching - In message switching, the whole

message is treated as a data unit and is switching /
transferred in its entirety.

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 Circuit Switching

Circuits can be permanent or temporary. Applications which

use circuit switching may have to go through three phases:
•Establish a circuit
•Transfer the data
•Disconnect the circuit

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 Circuit Switching

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 Circuit Switching

A connection between two systems A & D formed from 3 links

A circuit switched connection between A and D

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 Packet Switching

It is easier for intermediate networking devices to store small

size packets and they do not take much resources either on
carrier path or in the internal memory of switches.

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 Packet Switching

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 Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching

• For a packet-switched network, data is transferred by

dividing the data into individual packets and passing it
through the circuits to the other host.

• In packet-switched networks, the route is not exclusively

determined when the packets hit the wire. Using routing
algorithms, each packet may actually take a different route
through the network to arrive at the destination host.

• Unlike a circuit-switched network where a static route is

setup and pre-established prior to initializing connections to
the host.

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 Types of Packet Switching

•Two basic approaches to packet switching are common:

•Datagram Switching

•Virtual Circuit Switching

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 Datagram Switching

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 Virtual Circuit Switching

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 Virtual Circuit Switching

Advantages of using a virtual circuit:

• Packets are delivered in proper order.
• The overhead in the packets are comparatively smaller.
• As the resources are provided during the call setup, the
connection is considered most of the time reliable.

Disadvantages
•Since each switch needs to allocate capacity for any generated
traffic and also needs to store the call details, powerful
switching equipment is essential in virtual circuits.
•Difficulty exists when one considers the resilience provided to
the loss of a trunks as a failure results in calls being routed
through a different route.
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 Datagrams Vs Virtual Circuit Switching

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 Message Switching
Message switching has the following drawbacks:
•Every switch in transit path needs enough storage to
accommodate entire message.
•Because of store-and-forward technique and waits included until
resources are available, message switching is very slow.
•Message switching was not a solution for streaming media and
real-time applications.

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 Summary - Switching

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 Summary – Switching Techniques

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