Basic Statistical tests

Outline:
• Factors to consider in choosing a statistical
technique
• Descriptive statistics
• Test of relationships
• Test of differences
Factors to Consider for Choosing a
Statistical Technique
• The research question
• The nature and level of
measurement of the data collected
• Number of Variables involved in
the investigation
Guide for Choosing Statistical Techniques

• Univariate techniques are used to

investigate one variable at a time
• Bivariate techniques are used to
investigate two variables at time.
• Multivariate techniques are used to
analyze more than two variables
simultaneously.
Statistical Techniques for Describing Univariate Data

Level of Measurement

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Tables Frequency and Frequency and Frequency and Frequency and
Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage

Charts Pie chart Pie chart Histogram Histogram

Bar chart Bar chart Line graph Line graph

Central Mode Median and Mean, Median Mean, Median

Mode and Mode and Mode
Tendency
Variations Morista’s Index Range and Range, sd, Range, sd,
of dispersion Interquartile variance and CV variance and CV
range
Frequency and Percentage PROFILE
Age Frequency Percentage
10- 19 years old 10 20
20-29 years old 15 30
30-39 years old 25 50
Total 50 100.0
Mean = ? sd = ?
Age
below 10 years old Mean and sd
10- 19 years old are not
20-29 years old possible
30 years old and above
Sample Weighted Mean Interpretation
Level of agreement
• 3.25-4.00 Strongly agree
• 2.50-3.24 Agree
Likert Scale
• 1.75-2.49 Disagree
• 1.00-1.74 Strongly disagree

Level of satisfaction
• 4.20-5.00 Highly satisfied
• 3.40-4.19 Satisfied
• 2.60-3.39 Moderately satisfied
• 1.80-2.59 Slightly satisfied
• 1.00-1.79 Not satisfied
Sample SOP
• What is the level of self-esteem of the
respondents?
• What is the level of academic performance
of the students?
• What are the perceptions of the students in
terms of cleanliness of canteen?
• How often do the students used internet?
 Statistical Techniques for Describing Bivariate Data

Level of Measurement

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Tables Cross tabulation Cross tabulation None None
table table

Charts Side by side bar Side by side bar Scatter Diagram Scatter Diagram
graph graph

Association Lambda and Gamma and Pearson’s r and Pearson’s r and

Kendall’s Tau Chi Kendall’s Tau-C coefficient of coefficient of
Square Chi Square determination determination
Cross-tabulation
• Commonly used in chi-square test
Sample r and r^2
Relationship between the income and expenditure

r= 0.8

r^2=0.64 or 64%

There is a high correlation between the income and

expenditure.
Sixty-four percent of expenditure is affected by income, 36%
from other factors.
Sample questions
• What is the relationship between the academic
performance of the students and the years of experience
of teachers?

• Is there a significant relationship between the academic

performance of the students and the years of experience
of the teachers?
Sample questions
• What is the relationship between the academic
performance of the students and the years of experience
of teachers?
• - no hypothesis
• - answer might be : positive, negative or zero

• Is there a significant relationship between the academic

performance of the students and the years of experience
of the teachers?
• - answer might be: there is --- or there is no ----
Sample questions
• What is the relationship between the academic
performance of the students and the years of experience
of teachers?
• - Pearson-r

• Is there a significant relationship between the academic

performance of the students and the years of experience
of the teachers?
• - Pearson-r with p-value
Chi-square test
• Categorical data in a single population.
• It is used to determine whether there is a
significant association between the two variables.

In an election survey, voters might be classified

by gender (male or female) and voting
preference (Democrat, Republican, or
Independent).
Is there a significant relationship between
age and academic performance?
• Pearson – r • Chi-square
• Age : categorical
• Age : exact values 10-19years old
16, 18, 25 20-29 years old

Academic performance Academic performance

95, 70, 87 outstanding, VS, S..
Guide for Choosing Statistical Techniques

• Techniques for Exploring Differences

between Groups – Testing whether there is
a significant difference among a number of
groups.
General types of tests

• Parametric tests-tests that require

certain assumptions that must be met
• Nonparametric tests-test to examine
differences between groups on ordinal
data or skewed distributions of data
and test relationships between
categorical variables.
Some Statistical Techniques for Exploring
Differences between Groups
Parametric Techniques Non-Parametric Techniques
Independent samples t-Test Mann-Whitney Test
Wilcoxon Rank sum test

One-way ANOVA using F-test One-way ANOVA by ranks using

Kruskal-Wallis test

Two-way ANOVA

Paired Sample t-Test Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

One-way Repeated Measures Friedman Test

ANOVA
Independent samples t-test
• Determines whether there is a statistically
significant difference between the means in two
unrelated groups.

• Is there a significant difference between the

performance of male and female students?
• Test variable : performance (ratio, interval)
• Grouping variable: gender ( dichotomous variable)
One-way ANOVA using F-test
• Determine whether the means of three or more
groups are different.
• F-tests to statistically test the equality of means

• Is there a significant difference among the

performance of the three sections of ABM?
• Test variable : performance (ratio, interval)
• Grouping variable: sections ( 3 groups)
Paired t-test
• dependent sample t-test
• determine whether the mean difference between two sets
of observations is zero.

• Is there a significant difference in the performance of ABM

students before and after the intervention?
Test variable : performance
Paired variable: before and after ( 1 group only)
One-way ANOVA using F-test
• If the results of F-test is significant,
• Continue the MULTIPLE COMPARISON OF
MEANS
( Scheffe’s test, Bonferoni, LSD, pairwise t-test and others)

OTHERWISE,
STOP…
the test is enough!
Repeated measures ANOVA
• equivalent of the one-way ANOVA, but for
related, not independent groups
• the extension of the dependent t-test

Example:
Determine whether the 6-month training
intervention for six subjects has effect on their
fitness level measured in three occasions.
Test variable: fitness level
Time: pre , after 3 months, after 6 months
 Some Examples
Research Independent Dependent Essential Parametric Non-
Question Variable Variable Feature Statistics parametric
Statistics
Is there a One One Same
change in categorical continuous people on
participants’ two
anxiety Anxiety different
scores from Two-levels: scores occasions
Time 1 to Time 1/Time
Time 2? 2
 Some Examples
Research Independent Dependent Essential Parametric Non-
Question Variable Variable Feature Statistics parametric
Statistics
Is there a One One Same Paired Wilcoxon
change in categorical continuous people on
participants’ two sample Signed
anxiety Anxiety different s t-test Rank test
scores from Two-levels: scores occasions
Time 1 to Time 1/Time
Time 2? 2
 Some Examples
Research Independent Dependent Essential Parametric Non-
Question Variable Variable Feature Statistics parametric
Statistics
Is there a One One Same
change in categorical continuous people on
participants’ 3 different
anxiety Anxiety occasions
scores from More than scores
Time 1 Time two-levels:
2 and Time Time 1/Time
3? 2/Time 3
 Some Examples
Research Independent Dependent Essential Parametric Non-
Question Variable Variable Feature Statistics parametric
Statistics
Is there a One One Same One way Friedman
change in categorical continuous people on repeated Test
participants’ two measures
anxiety Anxiety different ANOVA
scores from Two-levels: scores occasions
Time 1 to Time 1/Time
Time 2? 2
Sample Research Questions
1. What is the demographic profile of the participants
according to:
a. Age
b. Position
c. Length of service?
2. What are the different green practices in the passenger
handling department of selected LCCs in the Philippines?
3. What is the extent of implementation of these green
practices?
4. Is there a relationship between the demographic profile of
participants and the extent of implementation of the green
practices of LCCs?
Sample Research Questions
1. What is the demographic profile of the participants
according to:
a. Age
b. Position
c. Length of service? ( Frequency count and Percentage)
2. What is the extent of implementation of these green
practices? (Likert scale–weighted mean and sd)
3. Is there a significant relationship between the
demographic profile of participants and the extent of
implementation of the green practices of LCCs?
Age ( Pearson-r)
Position and Length of Service ( Chi-square)
When to reject or accept the Ho?

• If p-value < 0.05, reject Ho (Significant)

• If p-value > 0.05, failed to reject Ho ( Not
Significant)
• If p-value < 0.01, reject Ho ( Highly
Significant)
 Three reasons kung bakit mas
maganda ang research kesa
lovelife mo:
1. Ang research as idenidefend.
2. Ang research ay may clear and
specific objectives.
3. Ang research ay may proposal.
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 Thank you for listening!

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