TESTS OF

PROPORTION
Steps
• (1) State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis HA.
• (2) Calculate the test statistic:

• (3) Determine the critical region.

• (4) Make a decision. Determine if the test statistic falls in the critical
region. If it does, reject the null hypothesis. If it does not, do not reject
the null hypothesis.
Example

• Newborn babies are more likely to be boys than

girls. A random sample found 13,173 boys were
born among 25,468 newborn children. The
sample proportion of boys was 0.5172. Is this
sample evidence that the birth of boys is more
common than the birth of girls in the entire
population?
Answer
• H0:p=0.5
HA:p>0.5
Comparing Two Proportions
• Time magazine reported the result of a telephone poll of
800 adult Americans. The question posed of the
Americans who were surveyed was: "Should the federal
tax on cigarettes be raised to pay for health care reform?"
The results of the survey were:
Answer:

Z= 8.99

Reject Ho
MEASURES OF
RELATIONSHIP
Definition:
• Correlation is a statistical tool to measure the
association of two or more quantitative variables.
• Correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of
linear relationship between two variables.
• A direct or positive relationship between two
variables implies that an increase in value of one
of the variables corresponds to an increase in
value of the other variable.
• An inverse or negative relationship between two
variables means that an increase in the value of
one variable corresponds to a decrease in the
value of the other variable.
Interpretation guide

+1.00 perfect positive (negative) correlation

+0.91 to +0.99 very high positive (negative) correlation
+0.71 to +0.90 high positive (negative) correlation
+0.51 to +0.70 moderately positive (negative) correlation
+0.31 to +0.50 low positive (negative) correlation
+0.01 to +0.30 negligible positive (negative) correlation
0.00 no correlation
Pearson Product Moment Correlation

• measure of linear correlation of two variables which are

either ratio or interval.

r 
N  xy   x y
N  x 2
   x   N  y
2 2
  y  2

Example: Ten fourth year high school students took a
test in mathematics x and physics y. Their scores are
found below. Compute the correlation coefficient.

X 12 15 8 10 6 10 11 5 7 9
Y 13 16 7 11 9 12 9 6 8 9
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

• measure of the correlation between two ordinal variables

 x  2
6  y
r 1

n n 2 1 
Example: Use Spearman's rank to determine the correlation of the given
data

X 12 15 8 10 6 10 11 5 7 9
Y 13 16 7 11 9 12 9 6 8 9
Phi Coefficient
• measures of the correlation between two real nominal
dichotomous variables.

ad bc
r
 a  b  c  d  a  c  b  d 
Example: Let x represent gender, male (1) and female
(0); and let y represent opinion towards the death
penalty, for (1) and against (0).

gender
  1 0
opinion
0 10 5
1 6 12
Point – biserial Correlation

• measures the correlation between a real dichotomous

variable and an interval variable

x1  x n 1n 0
r  0

sx n n  1 
A mathematics teacher would like to find out
whether the possession y of a textbook enhances
achievement x. From a class of 50, she took the
scores in a test of 5 randomly chosen students
with textbooks (1) and 5 without textbooks (0). The
results are shown below. Compute the correlation.
Student Possession of Score
textbook (y) (x)
1 1 16
2 0 7
3 1 13
4 1 9
5 0 10
6 1 8
7 0 15
8 1 11
9 0 10
10 0 6
Thank you for listening!!!