D.

Jim Livingston
Faculty of Chemistry
St. John’s College
 *CARBANIONS
* A carbanion is an anion in which carbon has an unshared pair of electrons and bears
a negative charge
* total of 8 valence shell electrons so it behaves like nucleophile
* Formed by heterolysis in which carbon is more electronegative than the other
atom.
* Sp3 hybridization – pyranmidal shape
* Bond angle – 109.50
 *Generation
* Removal of proton:

* Decorboxylation of carboxylate ion:

* Addition of negative ion to a carbon-carbon double bond:

* Breaking of carbon metal bond:

* Nucleophillic addition reaction:

* Substitution reaction:
*Stability
There are mainly three types of organic reactions:

Substitution reaction

Elimination reaction

Addition reaction
*Substitution Reactions

* In a substitution reaction, one atom or a group of atoms is substituted by another

atom or a group of atoms to form a new substance.

*Types:
* Free radical

* Electrophilic

* Nucleophilic
*Free radical substitution:
* Substitution initiated by free radicals.
*Nucleophilic substitution:
* Substitution by nucleophiles
*Electrophilic substitution:
* An electrophilic substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in
which the functional group attached to a compound is
replaced by an electrophile