Procedures and triggers

Procedures and triggers

Objectives

 Discuss PL/SQL
 Discuss
procedures
 Create a
procedure
 Discuss trigger
 Create a trigger
What is PL/SQL and what it can do?
PL/SQL program block
Declaration section :- necessary variables are declared
in this section
Begin : this part of block consist of SQL and PL/SQL
statements that assign values,controle execution and
manipulate data
Exception :this part contains code that deals with
exceptions that may be raised during the execution of
code in the executable part
EXAMPLE

DECLARE
A NUMBER(6);
B NUMBER(6);
BEGIN
A := 23;
B := A * 5;
IF A < B THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(’Ans: ’ || A || ’ is less
than ’ || B);
END IF;
END;

Which produces the expected output of:

Ans: 23 is less than 115
PL/SQL –PROCEDURES
A stored procedure or in simple a proc is a named
PL/SQL block which performs one or more specific task.
This is similar to a procedure in other programming
languages.
A procedure has a header and a body. The header
consists of the name of the procedure and the parameters
or variables passed to the procedure.
The body consists or declaration section, execution
section and exception section similar to a general
PL/SQL Block.
 A procedure is similar to an anonymous PL/SQL Block
but it is named for repeated usage.
Syntax -
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE [SCHEMA]
<procedure name>(<argument> {IN,OUT,IN OUT} <data
type>,…..){ IS ,AS}
<variable> declarations;
<constant> declarations;
BEGIN
<PL/SQL sub program body>;
EXCEPTION
<EXCEPTION PL/SQL BLOCK>;
END
SYNTAX FOR DELETION –
DROP<procedure name>;
CREATE OR REPLACE
explanation
PROCEDURE
[SCHEMA] <procedure
name>(<argument>  REPLACE –recreates the
{IN,OUT,IN OUT} <data procedure if it already exist
type>,…..){ IS ,AS}  SCHEMA – is the schema to
<variable> declarations; contain procedure
<constant> declarations;  PROCEDURE – is the name
BEGIN of procedure to be created
 ARGUMENT –Is the name of
<PL/SQL sub program
body>; argument to the procedure
 IN – indicate the value will be
EXCEPTION
accepted from user
<EXCEPTION PL/SQL  OUT- indicate the parameter
BLOCK>;
will return value to the user
END  IN OUT- indicate that
parameter will either accept the
value from the user or return
the value to the user
example
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE hello IS
Greetings VARCHAR(20);
BEGIN
Greetings:= 'Hello World';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(greetings);
END hello;
PL/SQL -TRIGGERS
 A trigger is a set of actions that are run automatically when
a specified change operation is performed on a specified
table.
 The change operation can be an SQL INSERT, UPDATE,
or DELETE statement in an application program.
 Triggers are fired implicitly
Types of triggers
 Row trigger
 Statement trigger
 Before trigger
 After trigger

ROW TRIGGER :-
This trigger is fired each time a row in in the table is affercted
by triggering statement
STATEMENT TRIGGER:-
Statement trigger is fired once on behalf of the triggering
statement independent of number of rows the triggering
staement effect
 BEFORE TRIGGER:-
before trigger executes trigger action before triggering statement
 it is used when trigger action determine wether or not
triggering statement should be allowed to complete.
 by ussing before trigger user can eleminate
unecessary processing of trigger statement
 AFTER TRIGGER:-
after trigger executes the trigger action after triggering
statement is executed
 if before trigger is present after trigger can perform different
action on same trigger
Syntax for creating trigger
 CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER[schema] <trigger
name>{before,after}{DELETE,INSERT,UPDATE[ of
column,….]} ON [schema] <table name>[REFERENCING
{old as old, New as new}][for each row [when condition]]
DECLARE
<variable declaration>;
<constant declaration>;
BEGIN
<PL/SQL subprogram body>
EXCEPTION
<Exception PL/SQL block>;
END;
 REPLACE –recreates the
procedure if it already exist
 SCHEMA – is the schema to
contain procedure
 TRIGGER NAME – Name of
trigger to be created
 BEFORE – indicates trigger is fired
before execution of trigger
 AFTER - indicates trigger is fired
after execution of trigger
 DELETE – indicate trigger is fired
when DELETE statement removes
row from table
 INSERT - indicate trigger is fired
when INSERT statement removes
row from table
 UPDATE-indicate trigger if fires
when UPDATE changes value in
one of the specified column in the
OF clause. Else trigger is fired
whenever update statement is
executed
Explanation
 CREATE OR REPLACE
TRIGGER[schema] <trigger
name>{before,after}
{DELETE,INSERT,UPDATE[ of
column,….]} ON [schema] <table
name>[REFERENCING {old as
old, New as new}][for each row
[when condition]]
DECLARE
<variable declaration>;
<constant declaration>;
BEGIN
<PL/SQL subprogram body>
EXCEPTION
<Exception PL/SQL block>;
END;

 ON – specifies the schema
and name of the table on
which trigger is to be
executed
 REFERENCING- specifies
corelation name
 FOR EACH ROW-
designates to be a trigger
row
 WHEN – specifies the
trigger restriction
 PL/SQL BLOCK- it is the
block executed by database
wwhen trigger is fired
 CREATE OR REPLACE
TRIGGER[schema] <trigger
name>{before,after}
{DELETE,INSERT,UPDATE[
of column,….]} ON [schema]
<table name>[REFERENCING
{old as old, New as new}][for
each row [when condition]]
DECLARE
<variable declaration>;
<constant declaration>;
BEGIN
<PL/SQL subprogram
body>
EXCEPTION
<Exception PL/SQL
block>;
END;
Example
 CREATE or REPLACE TRIGGER IncreaseDiscount
AFTER INSERT on Orders
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
UPDATE Customers SET discnt = discnt+.1
WHERE Customers.cid=:new.cid;
END;
/

Name of Trigger: IncreaseDiscount

Triggering Event: After insert on orders
Trigger Body or Trigger code that is fired: UPDATE customers …

:new and :old represent reserved words for Oracle’s PL/SQL. In this example,
:new represents the cid of the new row in the orders table that was just
inserted.
Deleting a trigger

Syntax – DROP TRIGGER<trigger name>;

Where trigger name is the name of
trigger to be deleted
Topics discussed
Introduction to PL/SQL
 Procedure
Triggers
ANY QUERIES