DEGREE of Hazard

NO 0 NO Hazard
S 1+ Slight Hazard
M 2+ Moderate Hazard
S 3+ Serious Hazard
Ex 4+ Extreme Hazard
ACID BASE Balance

RO Respiratory Opposite
Alkalosis ↑pH ↓pCO2
Acidosis ↓pH ↑pCO2

ME Metabolic Equal
Alkalosis ↑pH ↑HC03
Acidosis ↓pH ↓HCO3
 Comparative Statistics

MAT SPF
Mean Standard Deviation
Accuracy Precision
T test F test
accura-T Frecision

Determines if there’s a statistically significant Determines if there’s a statistically significant

difference between the mean of two groups of data difference between the SD of two groups of data
Total Quality Management (TQM) Program

FIND a problem
ORGANIZE a team
CLARIFY what is known
UNDERSTAND causes of problem
SELECT the way the process is to be improved
Total Quality Management (TQM) Program

PLAN implementation of improvement

DO what is appropriate
CHECK data collected from monitoring
ACT to maintain & continue the process
How to use the EXTINGUISHER

RACE before PASS

FIRE EMERGENCY Response
Vitamins
Types of FIRE

Wood, paper, clothes, plastic

Ardinary
Class A
Chemical, liquid, gas, paint
Basa Class B
Electrical equipment
ComputerClass C
Combustible metals
De lata Class D
Class E Arsenal fire

Class K Grease, oil, fats

Kusina
All cocci are Gram(+) EXCEPT:

Neisseria
Veilonella
Moraxella / Branhamella
Megasphera
Acidaminococcus
 All bacilli are Gram (-) EXCEPT:

Bacillus Propionebacterium
Bifidobacillus Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Mycobacteria Listeria monocytogenes
Actinomyces Lactobacillus
Clostridium Nocardia
Corynebacterium

(BBMACCPELLN)
DNA Virus

All are double-stranded except Parvovirus

All replicates in nucleus except Poxvirus
All are icosahedral except Poxvirus
All are enveloped except (Parvo, Adeno, Papova)
RNA VIRUS

All are single-stranded except Reovirus

All are envelope except PCR (Picorna, Calici, Reo)
All are non-segmented except ROBA
Reovirus, Orthomyxovirus,
Bunyavirus, Arenavirus
ALL bacteria has only 1 chromosome
EXCEPT

Vibrio cholerae
ALL Prokaryotes have circular genetic material,
complexed with RNA
EXCEPT:

Streptomyces spp.

Borrelia burgdorferi
All Neisseria are Catalase(+) EXCEPT

Neisseria elongata
All Salmonella are NonLactoseFermenter
EXCEPT

Salmonella arizonae
All Salmonella are motile
EXCEPT

Salmonella gallinarum
Salmonella pullorum
All Clostridium are Saccharolytic
EXCEPT

Clostridium tetani

Clostridium septicum
All Mycobacterium produce enzyme to
convert niacin to niacin ribonucleotide
EXCEPT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
All Shigella are NonLactoseFermenter
EXCEPT

Shigella sonnei
All Vibrio are NonSucroseFermenter
EXCEPT

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio alginolyticus
All Enterobacteriaceae are
motile with peritrichous flagella
EXCEPT

Klebsiella

Shigella
Signs of Death

Livor Mortis- purplish skin discoloration

Algor Mortis- body temp↓ 16 – 40 hrs after death

Rigor Mortis- Rigidity or stiffness 6 hrs after death

Tissues subjected to decalcification

Bones
Eyeball tumor
Atheromatous aorta
Tuberculous foci
Menginges tumor
Urinary Stone/ Calculi
Types of Decalcification Procedures:

Ion Exchange Resins 7-10 days

Acid Decalcification 3-7 days
Chelating (Cal-ex, Versene) 1-3 weeks
Electronic Method 8-12 hrs
Biopsy- removal of specimen from a living person

Bone Marrow Biopsy

Endoscopic Biopsy
Needle Biopsy
Skin Biopsy
Surgical Biopsy
 Incisional-removal of “a portion”
 Excisional -removal of entire lump
 Paraffin Oven/ Wax Oven
2-5°C higher than the melting point of the wax

Floatation water bath

5-10°C below melting point
Cytoplasmic Fixatives

Flemming’s fluid w/o acetic acid

Orth’s fluid
Regaud’s Fluid
Champy’s
Papanicolaou Stain

Hematoxylin
Orange-Green (OG6)
Eosin Azure (EA)
System of Reporting Gynecologic Cytology

Class I Negative for malignant cell

Class II Atypical cells present
Class III Suspicious but not conclusive of malignant cells
Class IV Strongly suggestive of malignant cells
Class V Conclusive (positive) for malignant cells
Eosin Azure (EA)
gives the microscopist the crisp, diverse brightly colored detail
of cellular components

Polychrome:
 Bismarck
 Eosin Y
 Light green SF
Natural dye

 Hematoxylin (purple from “Hematoxylin Campechianum” )

 Cochineal dye (red from female cochineal insects)
 Saffron (orange “Crocus sativus”)
 Orcein (brown from orcinol)
Classification based on Reaction:

 Basic (nuclear stain) pH >7

Ex: Hematoxylin Primary dye, basophilic,
 Acid (Cytoplasmic stain) pH <7
Secondary or Counterstain Ex: Eosin
 Neutral/ Amphoteric- equal affinity
Functions of Blood

Secretory (Hormone, enzyme)

Excretory (waste products; NPN)
Nutritive (Vitamin, Mineral)
Respiratory (Hemoglobin, myoglobin)
Immunology (Antibody, WBC)
Serum (CLOTted w/out fibrinogen)
Plasma (UNclotted w/ FIBRINOGEN)
Factors affecting the QUALITY of smear

Drop (size) of blood

Pressure on the slide
Angle
Speed of spreading
Surface of slide & spreader
Disorders w/ Normal to Decrease (Slower ESR)

Thallasemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Poikilocyosis
Sickle cell anemia
Spherocytosis (Hereditary)
Triad of Pernicious Anemia:

Howell-jolly bodies
Basophilic stippling
Cabot’s ring
 National Reference Laboratory

Hematology National Kidney and Transplant Institute

Clinical Chemistry Philippine Lung Center
Drug Testing East Avenue Medical Center
MicroPara Research Institute of Tropical Medicine
ImmunoSero San Lazaro Hospital- AIDS Coop Central Lab
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Father of Microbiology/Microscopy
Louis Pasteur Father of Bacteriology
Linus Pauling Father of Molecular biology
Francesco Redi Father of Parasitology
Martinus Beijerinck Father of Virology
Henry Bence Jones Father of Clinical Chemistry
Donald Metcalf Father of modern hematology
William Hewson Father of Hematology
Marcello Malpighi Father of Histology
Paracelsus Father of Toxicology
Rudolf Virchow Father of Pathology
Virtues of Health Care Professional

Theological Value Faith, hope and charity

Cardinal Virtue Prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude
Fidelity Faithfulness to trust and promise
Honesty Truthfulness and integrity
Humility Knowing one´s capabilities and limitations
Compassion Feeling for the loss of another, self-sacrifice
Justice Constant will to give another his due
Courage During what is right without undue fear
 CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CLSI Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
BSI Body Substance Isolation
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
FNAB Fine needle aspiration biopsy
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
 Medical Malpractice Lawsuit

expected to follow certain rules and meet certain

DUTY
expectations of competence

The breach of professional duties of skill &

DERELICT
care or improper performance constitutes
actionable malpractice

Whether the actions in act caused harm and

DIRECT CAUSE proximate cause of the injury

monetary amount addressing harm to both

DAMAGE body and psychological being of the patient
 The Medical Technology Prayer

God, who by calling us to the vocation of a medical technologists,

has placed upon us the obligation of being a constant help in the
scientific care of the sick, grant us by thy divine light a deep insight
into the serious responsibilities of our task.

By thy divine wisdom awaken in us a growing zeal and

determination to increase our knowledge of how to search for the
underlying causes of sickness and disease; how to recognize the
evidence of physical changes; how to make important chemical
analyses, and other valuable test so helpful in caring for the sick.

By thy divine love permit us in this way to share with those who
directly care for the sick, that thus we may be of constantly
working through the eternal physician, Christ our Lord, Amen.
m e d i c a l l a b o r a t o r y s c i e n t i s t

keep going future

MEDTECH
 S O U R C E S O F

Paras tic
Infection
Inadequately cooked foods

Echinostoma ilocanum

Capillaria philippinensis
Dibothriocephalus latus
(Diphyllobothrium latum)

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium
Autoinfection

Strongyloides stercoralis

Enterobius vermicularis

Capillaria philippinensis
Blood Sucking insect

Brugia malayi

Wuchereria bancrofti
Contaminated soil / water

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia lamblia
Food with immature
infective stage of parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides

Trichuris trichiura
 Domestic animal

Dipylidium caninum Hymenolepis diminuta

Sexually transmitted

Trichomonas vaginalis
 Serum protein and immunofixation electrophoresis are
ordered on a patient. The former is performed, but
there is no evidence of a monoclonal protein.

1
Select the best course of action.

P. Perform quantitative Ig G, A, M

Perform the IFE on the serum

Q.
Report the result; request a
R. urine sample for protein
electrophoresis

S. Perform IFE on the serum and

request a urine sample for IFE
A girl came to her physician complaining of a sore throat
and fatigue. Upon physical examination, lymphadenopathy
was noted. Reactive lymphocytes were noted on the
differential, but a rapid test for IM antibodies was

2
negative. Liver enzymes were only slightly elevated.
What test(s) should be ordered next?

Hepatitis testing
L.

M. EBV serological panel

N. HIV confirmatory testing

O.
Bone marrow biopsy
 Which of the following hormones is often
decreased by approximately 25% in the serum
of pregnant women who have a fetus with

3
Down syndrome?

T. Estriol (E3)

U. Human chorionic gonadotropin

(hCG)

V. Progesterone

W Estradiol (E2)
 Which of the following conditions is seen in acute
renal failure and helps to differentiate it from

4
prerenal failure?

a. Abnormal urinary sediment

b. Hyperkalemia and uremia

c. Oliguria and edema

d. Low creatinine clearance

 Which genus (in which most species are oxidase
and catalase positive) of small gram-negative
coccobacilli is associated mainly with animals but

5
may cause endocarditis, bacteremia, as well as
wound and dental infections in humans?

j. Pseudomonas

k. Actinobacillus

Campylobacter
l.

m Vibrio
 A hospital has a contract with a major medical
insurer that reimburses the laboratory at a rate
of $1.00 per insured life per year.

6
This type of reimbursement is called:

m prospective payment system

n. preferred provider discount

Capitation
o.

p. Diagnosis-related group