Chemistry project

work
SUBMITTED TO:-MISS. M.DOLARE
TOPIC:-STRUCTURE
OF THE ATOM…

Prepared By:-
Samidha Jain
9th ‘A’
DISCOVERY OF CATHOD E RAYS AND
ELECTRONS :-
The cathode rays were discovered by J.J.Thomson,
an English physicist at the end of 19th century
during the studies of passage of electricity through
gases at extremely low pressure. These studies
were known as discharge tube experiments.
Under ordinary pressure, gases are bad
conductors of electricity. However when a high
voltage is applied to gases at very low pressure, the
gases become conductor and electricity began to
flow in the form of rays. These rays are called
cathode rays. The studies of cathode rays show
that these rays consists of negatively charged
particles known as electron.
 It is known as discharge tube aur crookes
tube. It is fitted with two metallic
electrodes. The electrode connected to
negative terminal of the battery is called
cathode while the other connected to
positive terminal of the battery is called
anode. The tube is connected to a side tube,
through which it can be evacuated to any
desired pressure with the help of a vacuum
pump.
 MASS OF ELECTRON:-
The absolute charge of an electron is
1.602*10-19 coulomb of negative charge. This charge
is the smallest negative charge carried by an
particle. This has been taken to be 1 unit charge.
Thus, an electron has 1 unit of negative charge(-1).
An electron may be defined as
A subatomic particle having mass equal to 1/1840 th of that
of a hydrogen atom and carrying one unit negative charge.
PROTON:-
Proton is a positively charged particle
found in the atoms of all elements.

CHARGE OF PROTON:-
A subatomic particle having mass equal to
that of a hydrogen atom(1a.m.u.) and
carrying one unit positive charge.
 The Structure Of An Atom
We have learnt Dalton’s atomic theory which
suggested that the atom was indivisible and
indestructible. But the discovery of two
fundamental particles (electrons and protons)
inside the atom led to the failure of this aspect
of Dalton’s atomic theory. Electrons and Protons
are arranged within an atom. For explaining this
many scientists proposed various atomic
models. J.J.Thomson was the first one who
proposed a model for the structure of an atom.
1. THOMSON’S MODEL OF AN
ATOM
Thomson proposed the model of an atom be
similar to that of a Christmas Pudding. The
electrons, in a sphere of positive charge, were
like currants in a spheric Christmas pudding. We
can also think of a watermelon, the positive
charge in the atom is spread all over like the red
edible part of the watermelon, while the
electrons are studded in the positively charged
sphere, like the seeds in the watermelon.
Thomson’s
model of an
atom
Thomson proposed that:
(i) An atom consist of a positively
charged sphere and the electrons are
embedded in it.
(ii) The negative and positive charge are
equal in magnitude. So that , atoms as a
whole is electrically neutral.
Although Thomson’s model
explained that atoms are electrically
neutral, the results of experiments
carried out by other scientists could not
be explained by this model.
 2. RUTHERFORD’S MODEL
OF AN ATOM

Ernest Rutherford designed an

experiment for knowing how the
electrons are arranged within an atom.
In this experiment, fast moving alpha ( a
) –particles were made to fall on a thin
gold foil.
RUTHERFORD’S SCATTERING EXPERIMENT
(i)He selected a gold foil because he wanted as
thin a layer as possible. This gold foil was
about 1000 atoms thick.
(ii) (a)-particles are doubly charged helium
ions. Since they have a mass of 4 u, the fast
–moving (a)- particles have a considerable
amount of energy.
(iii) It was expected that a- particles would
be deflected by the sub-atomic particles in
the gold atoms. Since the a –particles were
much heavier than the protons. He did not
expect to see large deflections.
RUTHERFORD’S OBSERVATIONS :-
(i)Most of the fast moving a-particles passed straight
through the gold foil without any deflection from their
original path.
(ii)Some of the a-particles were deflected from their path
through small angles.
(iii)Very few (about 1 in 12000) did not pass through the
foil at all but suffered large deflections (more than 90* )
or even come back in the direction from which they came
(just as a ball rebounds after hitting a hard wall).

“this results was almost as incredible as if you fire a

15 inch shell (artillery shell) at a piece of tissue
paper and it came back and hits you.”
SCATTERING OF a-PARTICLES BY A
GOLD FOIL
RUTHERFORD’S GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
RUTHERFORD’S CONCUSION
(1)Most of the space inside the atom is atom
because most of the a-particles were passed
through the gold foil without getting
deflected.
(2) very few particles were deflected from
their path, indication that the positive charge
of the atom occupies very little space.
(3) A very small friction of a- particles were
deflected by 180*, indicating that all the
positive charge and mass of the gold atom
were concentrate in a very small volume with
the atom.
FEATURES OF RUTHERFORD’S
NUCLEAR MODEL OF AN ATOM:-
(I)There is a positively charge centre in an
atom called the nuclear. Nearly all the
mass of an atom reside in the nuclear.
(II)The electrons revolve around the
nucleus in well defined orbits.
(III)The side of the nucleus is very small as
compare to the size of the atom.
 DRAWBACK OF RUTHERFORD’S MODEL
OF THE ATOM
The revolution of the electron in a circular orbit is
not excepted to the stable. Any particle in a
circular orbit would undergo acceleration. During
acceleration, charged particles would radiate
energy. Thus, the revolving electrons would lose
energy and finally falls into the nucleus. If this
were so, the atom should be highly unstable and
hence metal would not exits in the form that we
know. We know that atoms are quite stable.
BHOR’S MODEL OF AN ATOM

The electrons in an atom revolve around the

nucleus in a certain fix circular path. This
circular path are known as orbit or shelter.
The orbits or energy shells are numbered as
1,2,3,4,…aur K,L,M,N.
CIRCULAR ORBITS OR ENERGY SHELLS IN
AN ATOM
Characterstics of neutrons:-
(I) Mass:-The mass of the neutron is nearly equal
to the mass of the proton. Since mass of
proton is regarded as 1u. Therefore, the mass
of neutron is also 1u. Its absolute mass is
1.67*10-27 kg equal to that of a hydrogen
atom.
(II)Charge:- Neutron has no charge. It is
electrically neutral.
Thus,
A neutron is a subatomic particle having mass equal to
that of a hydrogen atom (1a.m.u.) and carrying no
electrical charge.
THE END…