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Chapter 4 AC To AC Converters: Outline
Chapter 4 AC To AC Converters: Outline
Outline
4.1 AC voltage controllers
VT 1 u1
io
VT2
O t
u1 uo R uo
O t
io
The phase shift range
(operation range of phase O t
delay angle): u VT
0 ≤ α ≤ π
O t
Resistive load, quantitative analysis
Uo
1
2U1 sin t
2
d t U1
1
2
sin 2
(4-1)
u1
VT 1
O t
io uG1
VT2
O t
R uG2
u1 uo O t
L uo
O t
io
The phase shift range:
O
φ ≤α ≤ π uVT t
O
t
Inductive load, quantitative analysis
Differential equation
d io
L Ri o 2 U 1 sin t 180
d t
140
io t 0 (4 -5 )
S o lu tio n 100
°)
/(
t
2U tg
io 1
sin( t ) sin( ) e t 60
Z
(4 -6 ) 20
C o n s id e r in g io = 0 w h e n ω t= α + θ
0 20 60 100 140 180
W e have / (° )
The RMS value of output voltage, output current, and thyristor current can then be ca
lculated.
4.1.2 Three-phase AC voltage controller
Classification of three- phase circuits
ia VT1 Ua0'
a
ia
u a VT a
3 VT4
b ua
n n'
ub b
VT5 VT6 n
c ub
uc c
VT2
uc
Y connection
Line- controlled Δ connection
ua ia
a
ua ia a
b ub b
n n
ub
uc
uc c
c
VT 1 Conduction 2N
io uo angle = M
VT2 2 U1 2 uo,io u1
M
u1 uo R O 3 4
M t
M M
Line period
0.6
There is NO 0.5
harmonics in the 0.4
ordinary sense. IO/I0m 0.3
There is harmonics 0.2
as to the control 0.1
frequency. As to the
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
line frequency, these Harmonic order as to
components become control frequency
fractional harmonics. 0 1 2 3 4 5
Harmonic order as to
line frequency
4.2.2 Electronic AC switch
Circuit topologies are the same as AC voltage controllers. But the back- to- back t
hyristors are just used like a switch to turn the equipment on or off.
Application—Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
U
TSC waveforms when the capacitor is switched in/out
uVT 1 us
uC t
iC
VT1
uC t
C
us uVT 1
VT2 t
VT1
iC t
VT2
t1 t2
The voltage across the thyristor must be nearly zero when switching in the
capacitor, and the current of the thyristor must be zero when switching
out the capacitor.
TSC with the electronic switch realized by a thyristor and an anti-
parallel diode
uVT
us t
uC
iC uC
VT t
C uVT
us VD t
VD
iC VT t
t 1 t2 t 3 t 4
The capacitor voltage will be always charged up to the peak of source volt
age.
The response to switching- out command could be a little slower (maximu
m delay is one line-cycle).
4.2.3 Chopping control—AC chopper
AC chopper
Modes of operation
VD 1 V 1
i1
R
V 2 VD 2
V 3
VD 4
u 1 u o
VD V
3 4 L
P N
Output Average
uo π
a p= voltage ap=0 output voltage π
2 ap=
2
t
Single- phase thyristor-cycloconverter
Modes of operation
uo
u o,io io
O t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t
uP uo
io t
iP iN O
uP uo uN uN
O uo t
iP
O t
iN
O t
P Rectifi Inver
blocking
cation sion
Rectifi Inver
N blocking
cation sion
Typical waveforms
uo
O
t
io
O t
1 3 4 6
2 5
Modulation methods for firing delay angle
Calculation method
– For the rectifier circuit
u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u1
u o U d0 cos (4 -1 5 )
– F o r th e c y c lo c o n v e rte r ω t
a p3 a p4
o u tp u t
uo U om sin o t (4 -1 6 ) u s2 u s3 u s4 u s5 u s6 u s1
uo
– E q u a tin g (4 - 1 5 ) a n d (4 -1 6 )
ω t
U
cos om
sin o t sin o t
U d0 P rin c ip le o f c o s in e
(4 -1 7 )
– th e re fo re
1 w a v e -c ro s s in g m e th o d
cos ( sin o t ) (4 -1 8 )
O u tp u t v o lta g e ra tio
(M o d u la tio n fa c to r)
150
U om 120
(0 1)
U d0 γ
/( º )
90
γ
60
30
0 3 2 t
2 2
Output voltage phase angle
4.3.2 Three- phase thyristor-cyclo converter
图4-24
The configuration with star-connected output
Typical waveforms
Output voltage
200 t/ms
input
a b c
u
S1 S1 S1
1 2 3 S ij
v
S2 S2 S2 output
1 2 3
w
S3 S3 S3
1 2 3
a) b)
Usable input voltage
U1m √3
Um 1 Um U1m
2
2
a) b) c)
a) Single-phase input b) Use 3 phase voltages c) Use 3 line-line voltages
voltage to construct output to construct output
voltage voltage
Features