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 Chapter 1

Definition and Significance of

Leadership

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 Learning Objectives

• Define leadership and leadership effectiveness

• Discuss the major obstacles to effective leadership
• Compare and contrast leadership and management
• List the roles and functions of leaders and managers
• Explain the changes in organizations and how they
affect leaders
• Summarize the debate over the role and impact of
leadership in organizations
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 The Leadership Question

Some leaders are focused on getting things done

while others put taking care of their followers
first. Some look at the big picture and others
hone in on the details. Is one approach better
than the other? Which one do you prefer?

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 Definition of Leadership

A leader is any person who influences

individuals and groups within an
organization, helps them establish goals,
and guides them toward achievement of
those goals, thereby allowing them to be
effective.

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Key Elements of Leadership

• Group phenomenon
• Interpersonal influence
• Goal and action oriented
• Assumes hierarchy in a group

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 Effectiveness vs. Success

Effective leaders Successful leaders

• Focus on the work • Focus on politics and
• Focus on networking
employees/followers • Promoted quickly
• Satisfied and productive • Network with
employees outsiders
• Take care of • Take care of
employees/followers supervisor

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Key Elements of Effectiveness

1. Goal achievement
2. Smooth internal processes
3. External adaptability

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 Definition of Effectiveness

Leaders are effective when their followers

achieve their goals, can function well
together, and can adapt to changing
demands from external forces.

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 The Leadership Question
Revisited

• Leadership involves the tasks, people,

big picture, details, etc.
• What works depends on the leader, the
followers, and the situation
• Many styles and approaches can work
• Understanding the situation is key

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Why Do We Need Leaders?

• To keep groups orderly

• To keep focus on group goals
• To accomplish complex tasks
• To help make sense of the world by
providing validation
• As a romantic ideal

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 Why Leaders Matter
• Leadership is one of many factors that affect the performance
of organizations
• Leadership can indirectly impact other performance factors
• Leadership is essential in providing vision and direction
• Identifying the situations in which leadership matters is
essential
• The combination of leaders with followers and other
organizational factors
• Makes an impact

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 Obstacles to Effective Leadership

• Environmental uncertainty
• Organizational rigidity
• Falling back on old ideas and simplistic
solutions
• Established organizational culture
• Inaccessible research

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 Leadership and Management

Managers Leaders
• Focus on the present • Focus on the future
• Maintain the status quo • Create change
• Implement policy • Initiate policy
• Maintain existing culture • Create new culture and
and structure structure
• Remain aloof and • Establish emotional
objective bonds with followers
• Use position power • Use personal power

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 Managerial Roles

• Figurehead • Entrepreneur
• Leader • Disturbance
• Liaison handler
• Monitor • Resource allocator
• Disseminator • Negotiator
• Spokesperson

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 Gender Differences in Roles

Male managers Female managers

• Unrelenting pace of work
• Do a wide variety of tasks
• Frequent interruptions
• Little time to communicate
• Few nonwork activities
• Isolation
• Identity tied to work
• Complex network
• Prefer face-to-face
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• Calm steady pace of work
• Frequent breaks
• Did not perceive interruptions
• Schedule time for
communication
• Many nonwork activities
• Connected to others
• Multifaceted identities
• Complex network
• Prefer face-to-face
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 Leader’s Role in Shaping
Organizational Culture

Leader
Vision and Strategy
mission Hiring and structure
Role
modeling Reward decisions
system

Organizational
culture

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 New Roles for Leaders
Control-oriented leadership Result-oriented leadership
Plan Lead Plan
and
Organize Control organize

Lead
Do
Control
Results
Do
Leader assumes responsibility
Follower assumes responsibility
Results
Follower assumes responsibility
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Factors Fueling Change

Increased
global and local
competition De
w i de mo
orld cal cha grap
W l it i e s ng hic
po ang es
ch

Changes in organizations
and their leadership

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 Barriers to Change

• Perceived financial pressures

• Short-term orientation
• Top management still focused on one person
• Traditional organizations
• Employee input and creativity not fully considered
• Focus on individual rather than group performance
• Traditional management styles

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 What Do You Do?

You have started on a new job, and based on the

interview and discussion with people prior to accepting
the job, you were led to believe that the company
strongly believes in employee participation, engagement,
and flexibility. After a couple of months of working
with your new boss, however, all you see is command-
and-control, with little opportunity for you to provide
any input.

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 Leadership Challenge
• Challenges for new leaders
– Learning new duties
– Adapting to new roles
– Maintaining old relationships and building new
networks
• Actions that help
– Training
– Clear message
– Patience
• Things to avoid
– Over managing—taking charge
– Jumping into action too fast—too many changes
– Trying to remain “one of the gang”
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.