CP1 Short Circuit Analysis Part2 Version2

Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Training Course in
Short Circuit Analysis
U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

NATIONAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 2
Course Outline
1. Analysis of Faulted Power System by

Symmetrical Components
2. Bus Impedance Matrix Method
3. Short Circuit Analysis of Unbalanced
Distribution Feeders
4. Short Circuit Studies
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in

National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Short Circuit Analysis of

Unbalanced Distribution System
 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

 Three-Phase Line Segment Model
 Transformer Generalized Matrices
 Analysis of Faulted Unbalanced Feeder

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Equivalent system:
I ABC
Iabc
ABC
Source Z sys
ABC ABC abc
ELN VLN VLN
Thevenin equivalent circuit @ secondary bus:

Iabc
Eth Z th
abc
VLN
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Primary transformer equivalent line-to-neutral voltages
ABC ABC ABC ABC ABC
VLN  ELN  Z sys  IABC  ELN  Z sys  dt  Iabc
Secondary line-to-neutral voltage:

abc ABC
VLN  At  VLN  Bt  Iabc
Substituting,
abc
VLN ABC
 A t  ELN  ABC
 Z sys  dt  Iabc  Bt  Iabc 
Thevenin equivalent voltages & impedances:
abc ABC
Eth  A t  ELN
abc ABC
Z th  A t  Z sys  dt  Bt

Three-Phase Line Segment Model

Node n a
I na I line zaa a
Im Node m
n m
Vag Vag
b
I nb I line zbb zab zca
b
Im
n m
Vbg Vbg
c
I nc I line zcc zbc
c
Im
n m
Vcg Vcg
Iabc
c,n
Iabc
c,m
½ Yabc ½ Yabc
Voltages & currents at node n in terms of the voltages & currents at node m:
abc
VLG  a  V abc
 b  I abc
m
Iabc
n
abc
 c  VLG,m  d  I abc
m
,n LG,m
a  U  21  Z abc  Yabc c  Yabc  41  Yabc  Z abc  Yabc
b  Z abc d  U  21  Z abc  Yabc

Three-Phase Line Segment Model

Voltages & currents at node m in terms of the voltages & currents at node n:
abc abc abc
VLG,m  a  VLG,n  b  I n
Iabc abc abc

m  c  VLG,n  d  In
Voltages at node m as a function of voltages at node n and currents

entering node m:
abc abc abc
VLG,m  A  VLG,n  B  Im
A  a 1
B  a 1  b

Transformer Generalized Matrices

Generalized three-phase transformer bank:
IA Ia
VAN H1 X1 Van
IB Ib
VBN H2 X2 Vbn
IC Ic
VCN H3 X3 Vcn
IN In
H0 X0
ABC abc
VLN  at  VLN  bt  Iabc
abc
I ABC  ct  VLN  dt  Iabc
abc ABC
VLN  A t  VLN  Bt  Iabc


Delta – Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
VLL, rated high side
nt 
VLN , rated low side
0 2 1  0 2Z tb Z tc 
 nt   nt  a c
at   1 0 2 bt    Zt 0 2Z t 
3   3
2 1 0 2Z ta Z tb 0 

Z ta , Z tb , Z tc are referred to the low - voltage side
0 0 0   1 1 0 
1
c t  0 0 0  dt    0 1  1
  nt  
0 0 0   1 0 1 


Delta – Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
 1 0  1 Z ta 0 0
1  
At    1 1 0  Bt   0 Z tb 0
nt  
 0  1 1  0 0 Z tc 



Ungrounded Wye – Delta Step-Down Connection
VLN , rated high side
nt 
VLL , rated low side
 1 1 0   Z tab  Z tab 0
nt  bc 
at  nt   0 1  1 bt    Z t 2Z tbc 0
  3
  1 0 1    2Z tca  Z tca 0

Z tab , Z tbc , Z tca are referred to the low - voltage side
0 0 0   1  1 0
1 
c t  0 0 0  dt   1 2 0
  3nt  
0 0 0   2  1 0


Ungrounded Wye – Delta Step-Down Connection
2 1 0 
1 
At   0 2 1
3nt  
 1 0 2
 2Z tab  Z tbc 2Z tbc  2Z tab 0
1  bc 
Bt   2Z t  2Z tca 4Z tbc  Z tca 0
9
 Z tab  4Z tca  Z tab  2Z tca 0



Grounded Wye – Gounded Wye Connection
nt 
VLN , rated low side
 1 0 0 Z ta 0 0
 
at  nt  0 1 0 bt  nt   0 Z tb 0
 
0 0 1 0 0 Z tc 

Z ta , Z tb , Z tc are referred to the low - voltage side
0 0 0   1 0 0
1
c t  0 0 0  dt   0 1 0
  nt  
0 0 0 0 0 1


Grounded Wye – Grounded Wye Connection
 1 0 0 Z ta 0 0
1  
A t   0 1 0  Bt   0 Z tb 0
nt  
0 0 1 0 0 Z tc 



Delta – Delta Connection
VLL, rated high side
nt 
VLL, rated low side
 2  1  1 2 1 0
n 1
at  t    1 2  1 W   0 2 1
3   3  
  1  1 2   1 0 2
 1 0 0 Z tab 0 0 
 
AV  nt  0 1 0 Z tabc   0 Z tbc 0 
 
0 0 1  0 0 Z tca 



Delta – Delta Connection
 Z tca  Z tbc 0
1  
G1   Z tca Z tab  Z tca 0
Z tab  Z tbc  Z tca
  Z tab  Z tbc  Z tbc 0

bt  W  AV  Z tabc  G1
 1 0 0  2  1  1
1  1 
dt   0 1 0 At    1 2  1
nt   3nt  
0 0 1   1 2 2 
Bt  W  Z tabc  G1


Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
nt 
VLL, rated low side
1  1 0  Z tab 0 0 
 bc 
at  nt  0 1  1 bt  nt   0 0  Zt 
 
0 0 0   0 0 0 

Z tab , Z tbc are referred to the low - voltage side
0 0 0  1 0 0 
1
c t  0 0 0  dt   0 0  1
  nt  
0 0 0 0 0 0 


Open Wye – Open Delta Connection
2 1 0  2Z tab 0  Z tbc 
1  1  
At    1 1 0 Bt     Z tab 0  Z tbc 
3nt   3
  1  2 0   Z tab 0 2Z tbc 


Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
1 2 3 4 5
ABC
Z sys ABC
Z sub ABC
Z eqS Z abc
xfm
abc
Z eqL
System Equivalent Substation Total In-line Total
Voltage System Transformer Primary Feeder Secondary
Source Impedance Line Transformer Line
Segment Segment
Impedance Impedance
System:
Z1 
 kVLL 
2
 Z0 
3 kVLL 
2
 2Z 1 
MVA 3 MVA 1
2Z 1  Z 0 Z 0  Z1 Z 0  Z1 
1 
ABC
Z sys   Z 0  Z1 2Z 1  Z 0 Z 0  Z1 
3  
( approx )
 Z 0  Z1 Z 0  Z1 2Z1  Z 0 
Unbalanced Feeders
 Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 2 and 3:
computed by multiplying the system voltages by the generalized
transformer matrix At of the substation transformer.
 Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 4 and 5:

the voltage at node 3 multiplied by the generalized transformer
matrix At of the in-line transformer.
 Thevenin equivalent phase impedance matrices:

sum of the phase impedance matrices of each device between the
system voltage source and the point of fault.

Unbalanced Feeders
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
Zf I fa a
Vax
Zf I fb
ZTOT b x
Vbx
Zf I fc c
Vcx
Ea Eb Ec V xg
g
Ea, Eb, Ec = Thevenin equiv. line-to-ground voltages @ the faulted node

ZTOT = Thevenin equiv. phase impedance matrix @ the faulted node
Zf = fault impedance

Unbalanced Feeders
E a   Z aa Z ab Z ac   I fa  Z f 0 0   I fa  Vax  V xg 
E    Z   b   b   
Z bb Z bc I f   0 Zf 0 I f   Vbx   V xg 

 b   ba  c   c  
Ec   Z ca Z cb Z cc   I f   0 0 Z f   I f  Vcx  V xg 
In compressed form,
Eabc  ZTOT  Ifabc  Z F  Ifabc  Vabcx  Vxg
Combining terms,
Eabc   ZTOT  Z F   Ifabc  Vabcx  Vxg  Z EQ  Ifabc  Vabcx  Vxg
Solving for the fault currents,
Ifabc  Y  Eabc  Y  Vabcx  Y  Vxg
1
Y  Z EQ
abc
Unbalanced Feeders
Define IP  Y  E abc
Substituting & rearranging,
IPabc  Ifabc  Y  Vabcx  Y  Vxg
Expanding,
I a  I a  Y Yab Yac  Vax  Yaa Yab Yac  Vxg 
P
 b   b  f aa
     V   Y  V 
 P
I I f 
Yba Y bb Ybc   bx   ba Ybb Ybc   xg 
 c   c  Y Ycb Ycc  Vcx  Yca Ycb Ycc  Vxg 
I I
 P   f   ca
IPa  Ifa  YaaVax  YabV bxYacVcx   YSaVxg
IPb  Ifb  YbaVax  YbbV bxYbcVcx   YSbVxg
IPc  Ifc  YcaVax  YcbV bxYaaVcx   YScVxg

a
Unbalanced Feeders
where YS  Yaa  Yab  Yac
YSb  Yba  Ybb  Ybc
YSa  Yaa  Yab  Yac
3 equations, 7 unknowns - I fa , I fb , I fc ,Vax ,Vbx ,Vcx ,V xg
I Pa , I Pb , I Pc are functions of the total impedance &
the Thevenin voltages and are known
Needed: 4 additional equations

Unbalanced Feeders
Three-Phase Faults:
Vax  Vbx  Vcx  0
I a  I b  Ic  0
Three-Phase-to-Ground Faults:
V ax  V bx  Vcx  V xg  0
Line-to-Line Faults (assume i-j fault with phase k

unfaulted):
Vix  V jx  0
I fk  0
I fi  I fj  0

Unbalanced Feeders
Line-to-Ground Faults (assume phase k fault with
phases i and j unfaulted):
Vkx  V xg  0
I fi  I fj  0

Unbalanced Feeders
7 equations in matrix form:
I Pa   1 0 0 Y11 Y12 Y13 YS1   I fa 
 b  2  b 
I P  0 1 0 Y21 Y22 Y23 YS   I f 
I Pc  0 0 1 Y31 Y32 Y33 YS3   I fc 
    
 0           Vax 
 0          Vbx 
    
 0          Vcx 
 0           V xg 
In condensed form:
IPs  C  X

Unbalanced Feeders
Solving,
X  C 1  IPs
Example: 3-phase fault
C44  1 C55  1 C66  1
C71  C72  C73  1
All of the other elements in the last 4 rows of C will be set to zero.

Example
Infinite
bus I ABC Iabc
1
ABC
Z eqS 2
Z abc
eqL
3 4
Compute the short-circuit currents for a bolted line-to-line fault between

phases a and b at node 4.
Line-to-neutral Thevenin voltage at node 4:
Eth ,4  A t  ESLN
Thevenin equiv. impedance at secondary terminals (node 3):
ABC
Z th ,3  At  Z eqS  dt  Z tabc

Total Thevenin impedance at node 4:

abc
Z th ,4  ZTOT  Z th.3  Z eqL
Equivalent admittance matrix at node 4:
1
Yeq ,4  ZTOT
Equivalent injected currents at point of fault:
IP  Yeq ,4  Eth ,4
For the a-b fault at node 4,
I fa  I fb  0
I fc  0
Vax  Vbx  0
Unknowns are computed as
X  C 1  ISP
Suppose that the phase impedance matrices for the 2 line segments are:
0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.3225 0.0361  j 0.2752 

ABC
Z eqS   0.0361  j 0.3225 0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.2953  
 
 0.0361  j 0.2752 0.0361  j 0.2955 0.1414  j 0.5353 
0.1907  j 0.5035 0.0607  j 0.2302 0.0598  j 0.1751

Z abc
eqL  0.0607  j 0.2302 0.1939  j 0.4885 0.0614  j 0.1931 
 
 0.0598  j 0.1751 0.0614  j 0.1931 0.1921  j 0.4970 

The transformer bank consists of three single-phase transformers each

rated: 2000 kVA, 12.47-2.4 kV, Z = 1.0 + j6.0 %
Source line segment:
 1 0 0
a1  d1  U  0 1 0
 
0 0 1
ABC
b1  Z eqS
0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.3225 0.0361  j 0.2752 
  0.0361  j 0.3225 0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.2953 
 
 0.0361  j 0.2752 0.0361  j 0.2955 0.1414  j 0.5353
c1   0

1 0 0
A1  a11  0 1 0
 
0 0 1
B1  a11  b1
0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.3225 0.0361  j 0.2752 
  0.0361  j 0.3225 0.1414  j 0.5353 0.0361  j 0.2953 
 
 0.0361  j 0.2752 0.0361  j 0.2955 0.1414  j 0.5353

Load line segment:  1 0 0

a 2  d2  0 1 0
 
0 0 1
0.1907  j 0.5035 0.0607  j 0.2302 0.0598  j 0.1751
b 2  0.0607  j 0.2302 0.1939  j 0.4885 0.0614  j 0.1931
 
 0.0598  j 0.1751 0.0614  j 0.1931 0.1921  j 0.4970 
c 2   0
1 0 0
A 2  0 1 0
 
0 0 1
0.1907  j 0.5035 0.0607  j 0.2302 0.0598  j 0.1751
B 2  0.0607  j 0.2302 0.1939  j 0.4885 0.0614  j 0.1931
 
 0.0598  j 0.1751 0.0614  j 0.1931 0.1921  j 0.4970 
Transformer:
Transformer impedance in ohms referenced to the low-voltage winding
2.4 2  1000
Z base   2.88 
2000
Z tlow  (0.01  j 0.06)  2.88  0.0288  j 0.1728 
Transformer phase impedance matrix
0.0288  j 0.1728 0 0 
Z abc
t  0 0.0288  j 0.1728 0 
 
 0 0 0.0288  j 0.1728 
Turns ratio: Transformer ratio:
12.47 12.47
nt   5.1958 at   2.9998
2 .4 3  2. 4

Generalized matrices are:

0 2 1  0  3.4639  1.7319 
 nt 
at   1 0 2    1.7319 0  3.4639 
3    
2 1 0  3.4639  1.7319 0 
 0 2Zt Zt 
 nt 
bt   Zt 0 2Zt 
3  
2Zt Zt 0 
 0  0.0998  j 0.5986  0.0499  j 0.2993 
  0.0499  j 0.2993 0  0.0998  j 0.5986 
 
 0.0998  j 0.5986  0.0499  j 0.2993 0 
0 0 0
c t  0 0 0
 
0 0 0

1  1 0   0.1925  0.1925 0 
1 
dt   0 1  1   0 0.1925  0.1925 
nt    
 1 0 1   0.1925 0 0.1925 
1 0  1  0.1925 0  0.1925 
1 
At   1 1 0    0.1925 0.1925 0 
nt    
 0  1 1   0  0.1925 0.1925 
0.0288  j 0.1728 0 0 
Bt  Z abc
t  0 0.0288  j 0.1728 0 
 
 0 0 0.0288  j 0.1728 

The infinite bus balanced line-to-line voltages are 12.47 kV, which leads to
balanced line-to-neutral voltages at 7.2 kV:
 12,47030 o   7199.60 o 
 o  o
E LL,s  12,470  90  V ELN ,s  7199.6  120 
 12,470150o   7199.6120o 
   
The line-to-neutral Thevenin circuit voltages at node 4 are:
 2400   30 o 
 o
E th,4  A t  E LN ,s  2400   150 
 2400 90 o 
 

The Thevenin equivalent impedance at the secondary terminals (node 3)

of the transformer consists of the primary line impedances referred
across the transformer, plus the transformer impedances:
ABC ABC
Z th,3  A t  Z eqS  dt  Bt  A t  Z eqS  dt  Z abc
t
 0.0366  j 0.1921  0.0039  j 0.0086  0.0039  j 0.0106 

  0.0039  j 0.0086 0.0366  j 0.1886  0.0039  j 0.0071
 
 0.0039  j 0.0106  0.0039  j 0.0071 0.0366  j 0.1906 
Total Thevenin impedance at node 4:
Z th,4  ZTOT  Z th,3  Z abc

eqL
0.2273  j 0.6955 0.0568  j 0.2216 0.0559  j 0.1645 

 0.0568  j 0.2216 0.2305  j 0.6771 0.0575  j 0.1860  
 
0.0559  j 0.1645 0.0575  j 0.1860 0.2287  j 0.6876 

Equivalent admittance matrix at node 4:

1
Yeq,4  ZTOT
 0.5031  j1.4771  0.1763  j 0.3907  0.0688  j 0.2510
  0.1763  j 0.3907 0.5501  j 1.5280  0.1148  j 0.3133 S
 
 0.0688  j 0.2510  0.1145  j 0.3133 0.4843  j1.4532 
The equivalent injected currents at the fault point:
4466 .8  96.4 o 
 o 
I p  Yeq,4  E th,4   4878 .9138.0  A
 4440 .916.4 o 
 
Sums of each row of the equivalent admittance matrix:
3
0.2580  j 0.8353 
Ys  Yeq,ik  0.2590  j 0.8240  S
 
k 1
0.3007  j 0.8889 

For the a-b fault at node 4,

I fa  I fb  0 I fc  0
Vax  0 Vbx  0
The coefficient matrix
1 0 0 0.501  j1.477  0.176  j 0.390  0.069  j 0.252 0.258  j 0.835 
0 1 0  0.176  j 0.390 0.550  j1.528  0.115  j 0.314 0.259  j 0.824 
 
0 0 1  0.069  j 0.251  0.115  j 0.313 0.484  j1.452 0.301  j 0.889 
C   1 1 0 0 0 0 0


0 0 1 0 0 0 0 
 
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 

The injected current matrix: The unknowns are computed by:

4466.8  96.4 o   8901 .7  8.4 o 
 o   o 
 4878.9138.0   8901 .7171 .6 
 4440.916.4 o   0 
   
Isp   0  X  C 1  Isp  7740 .4  90.6 o 
 0   0 
   
 0   0 
 0   2587 .989.1o 
   
The interpretation of the results are:
I fa  X1  8901.7  8.4 o Vax  X 4  7740.4  90.6 o
I fb  X 2  8901.7171.6 o Vbx  X 5  0
I fc  X 3  0 Vcx  X 6  0
Vxg  X 7  2587.989.1o
IEEE 13 Node Test Feeder

650
646 645 632 633 634
611 684 692 675

671
652 680


 Overhead line configuration data Line data
Config. Phasing Phase Neutral Spacing Node A Node B Length(ft.) Config.
ACSR ACSR ID 632 645 500 603
601 B A C N 556,500 26/7 4/0 6/1 500 632 633 500 602
602 CABN 4/0 6/1 4/0 6/1 500 633 634 0 XFM-1
603 CBN 1/0 1/0 505 645 646 300 603
604 ACN 1/0 1/0 505 650 632 2000 601
605 CN 1/0 1/0 510 684 652 800 607
632 671 2000 601
671 684 300 604
 Underground line configuration data 671 680 1000 601
Config. Phasing Cable Neutral Space 671 692 0 Switch
ID 684 611 300 605
606 A B C N 250,000 AA, CN None 515
692 675 500 606
607 AN 1/0 AA, TS 1/0 Cu 520
 Transformer data
kVA kV-high kV-low R- X-%
%
Substation: 5,000 115 - D 4.16 Gr. Y 1 8
XFM -1 500 4.16 – Gr.W 0.48 – Gr.W 1.1 2

Configuration 601: Configuration 604:
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

0.3465+j1.0179 0.1560+j0.5017 0.1580+j0.4236 1.3238+j1.3569 0.0000+j0.0000 0.2066+j0.4591
0.3375+j1.0478 0.1535+j0.3849 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
0.3414+j1.0348 1.3294+j1.3471

0.7526+j1.1814 0.1580+j0.4236 0.1560+j0.5017 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
0.7475+j1.1983 0.1535+j0.3849 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
0.7436+j1.2112 1.3292+j 1.3475

0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0.7982+j0.4463 0.3192+j0.0328 0.2849 -j0.0143
1.3294+j1.3471 0.2066+j0.4591 0.7891+j0.4041 0.3192+j0.0328
1.3238+j1.3569 0.7982+j0.4463

Configuration 607:
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

1.3425+j0.5124 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
0.0000+j0.0000


848
822 846
820 844
864
818 842
802 806 808 812 814 850 824 826 834 860 836
858 840
816
832 862
800 888 890
810
838
852
828 830 854 856
Substation transformer: 2500 kVA, 115 kV delta/24.9 kV grounded wye, Z = 1.0 + j8.0%
Short circuit MVA on 115 kV bus: 1800 MVA at an angle of 85 degrees

Line Segment Data
Node A Node B Length(ft.) Config. Overhead Line Configurations (Config.)

800 802 2580 300
802 806 1730 300
806 808 32230 300
Config. Phasing Phase Neutral Spacing ID
808 810 5804 303 ACSR ACSR
808 812 37500 300
812 814 29730 300
300 BACN 1/0 1/0 500
814 850 10 301 301 BACN #2 6/1 #2 6/1 500
816 818 1710 302
302 AN #4 6/1 #4 6/1 510
816 824 10210 301
818 820 48150 302 303 BN #4 6/1 #4 6/1 510
820 822 13740 302 304 BN #2 6/1 #2 6/1 510
824 826 3030 303
824 828 840 301
828 830 20440 301 Transformer Data
830 854 520 301
832 858 4900 301
832 888 0 XFM-1 kVA kV-high kV-low R-% X-%
834 860 2020 301
834 842 280 301
Substation: 2500 69 - D 24.9 -Gr. W 1 8
836 840 860 301 XFM -1 500 24.9 - Gr.W 4.16 - Gr. W 1.9 4.08
836 862 280 301
842 844 1350 301
844 846 3640 301
846 848 530 301
850 816 310 301
852 832 10 301
854 856 23330 303
854 852 36830 301
858 864 1620 303
858 834 5830 301
860 836 2680 301
862 838 4860 304
888 890 10560 300


 Transformer
Base Z = 24.92/2.5 = 248 ohms
Z1 = Z0 = (0.01+j0.08)(248 ohms)
= 2.48 + j19.84 ohms
 System
Z1 = (24.92/1800)85o ohms
= 0.03 +j0.3431 ohms
 Fault resistance: 40 ohms

--------- Z Matrices --------- Configuration 302:
Configuration 300: Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

2.7995+j1.4855 0.0000 +j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j 0.0000
1.3368+j1.3343 0.2101+j0.5779 0.2130+j0.5015 0.0000 +j0.0000
1.3238+j1.3569 0.2066+j0.4591
1.3294+j1.3471 Configuration 303:
Configuration 301: Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000 +j0.0000
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile 2.7995+j1.4855 0.0000+j0.0000
1.9300 +j1.4115 0.2327+j0.6442 0.2359+j0.5691 0.0000+j0.0000
1.9157+j1.4281 0.2288+j0.5238
1.9219+j1.4209 Configuration 304:
Z (R +jX) in ohms per mile

0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000 0.0000+j0.0000
1.9217 1.4212 0.0000 0.0000
0.0000 0.0000

Short Circuit Studies
 Fault Current at Different Times

 ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method
 IEC Calculation Method

Fault Current at Different Times

Clearing Time
of Molded
Breakers Clearing Time
of High Voltage
Breakers
Fault Current that

upstream overcurrent
Contact devices must withstand
Clearing Opening Time while downstream devices
Time of of High Voltage isolate the fault
Fuse Breakers


 First (1/2) Cycle Fault Current
 Short circuit ratings of low voltage equipment
 Ratings of High Voltage (HV) switch and fuse
 Close & Latch (Making) capacity or ratings of HV
Circuit Breakers
 Maximum Fault for coordination of instantaneous
trip of relays


 1.5 to 4 Cycles Fault Current
 Interrupting (breaking) duties of HV circuit
breakers
 Interrupting magnitude and time of HV breakers
for coordination
 30 Cycles Fault Current
 For time delay coordination

Application of Short Circuit Analysis

 Comparison of Closed-and-Latch (Momentary
or Making) and Interrupting (Breaking) Duties
of Interrupting Devices
 Comparison of Short-time or withstand
rating of system components
 Selection of rating or setting of short circuit
protective devices
 Evaluation of current flow and voltage levels
in the system during fault

Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
R L
di
Ri  L  E sin  t   
E sin (t+) dt
E sin  t      E sin(   ) R t
i   e X
2 2 2 2
R X R X

Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
E sin  t      E sin(   ) R t
i   e X
R2  X 2 R2  X 2
I total , RMS  I symmetrica l RMS  Asymmetrical Factor

ANSI/IEEE and IEC Standards
 ANSI/IEEE: American National

Standards Institute/ Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IEC:International Electrotechnical
Commission
Prescribes Test Procedures and

Calculation Methods
ANSI/IEEE Calculation Method

½ Cycle Network: also known as the subtransient
network because all rotating machines are
represented by their subtransient reactances
Type of Machine Xsc
Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm Xd”
All other  50 hp 1.2 Xd”
< 50 hp 1.67 Xd”
Xd” of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)

1.5-4 Cycle Network: the network used to
calculate interrupting short-circuit current and
protective device duties 1.5-4 cycles after the
fault.
Type of Device Duty
High Voltage CB Interrupting Capability
Low Voltage CB N/A
Fuse N/A
Switchgear and MCC N/A

Relay N/A


1.5-4 Cycle Network: also known as the transient
network
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X”
Turbo generator Xd”
Hydro-generator with amortisseur windings Xd”
Hydro-generator without amortisseur windings 0.75 Xd’
Condenser Xd”
Synchronous motor 1.5 Xd”
Induction Machine
> 1000 hp @ 1800 rpm or less 1.5 Xd”
> 250 hp @ 3600 rpm 1.5 Xd”
All other  50 hp 3.0 Xd”
< 50 hp infinity
Xd” of induction motor = 1/(per-unit locked-rotor current at rated voltage)

30 Cycle Network: also known as the steady-state
network
Type of Machine Xsc

Utility X’’
Turbo Generator Xd’
Hydro-generator w/ Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Hydro-generator w/o Amortisseur Winding Xd’
Condenser Infinity
Synchronous Motor Infinity
Induction Machine Infinity

X/R Ratio
Vf
 For the 3-phase fault: I a 
Z1  Z f
 Let Z eq  Z 1  Z f  Req  jX eq
X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req
X X1  X f
 ANSI/IEEE: 
R R1  Rf
using separate R and X networks

X/R Ratio
3V f
 For the single line-to-ground fault: I a 
Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f
 Let Z eq 
3
X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req
X X 1  X 2  X 0  3X f
 ANSI/IEEE: 
R R1  R 2  R 0  3Rf

X/R Ratio
Vf
 For the line-to-line fault: I b , I c   j 3
Z1  Z 2  Z f
Z1  Z 2  Z f
 Let Z eq 
j 3
X X eq
 Cooper: 
R Req
X X1  X 2  X f
 ANSI/IEEE: 
R R1  R 2  Rf

X/R Ratio
 For the double line-to-ground fault:
Vf  Z 0T  aZ 2T 
Ib  j 3
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Ic  j 3

V f Z 0T  a 2Z 2T 
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
 Let Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Z eq (b ) 
 j 3 Z 0T  aZ 2T 
Z 1T Z 2T  Z 1T Z 0T  Z 2T Z 0T
Z eq (c ) 

j 3 Z 0T  a 2Z 2T 
X/R Ratio
 where Z 0T  Z 0  Z f  3Z g
Z 1T  Z 1  Z f
Z 2T  Z 2  Z f
 Cooper: X X eq

R Req
 ANSI/IEEE:
X X 1T X 2T  X 1T X 0T  X 2T X 0T R 0T  aR 2T
 
R X 0T  aX 2T R1T R 2T  R1T R 0T  R 2T R 0T
X X 1T X 2T  X 1T X 0T  X 2T X 0T R 0T  a 2R 2T
 2

R X 0T  a X 2T R1T R 2T  R1T R 0T  R 2T R 0T
X/R Ratio
(0.150  0.070)(0.020  0.120)

X1   0.0856
0.150  0.070  0.020  0.120
(0.0017  0.0015)(0.0005  0.0120)
R1   0.00255
0.0017  0.0015  0.0005  0.0120
X/R Ratio
(0.070)(0.030  0.300)
X0   0.0578
0.070  0.030  0.300
(0.0015)(0.0010  0.0300)
R0   0.00143
0.0015  0.0010  0.0300
X/R Ratio
 For 3-phase fault,
X X 1 0.0856
   33.57
R R1 0.00255
 For single line-to-ground fault,
X X1  X 2  X 0 2  0.0856  0.0578
   35.1
R R1  R 2  R 0 2  0.00255  0.00143


ANSI Multiplying Factor: determined by the
equivalent X/R ratio at a particular fault location.
The X and the R are calculated separately.
Local and Remote Contributions
A local contribution to a short-circuit current is the
portion of the short-circuit current fed
predominantly from generators through no more
than one transformation, or with external
reactance in series which is less than 1.5 times the
generator subtransient reactance. Otherwise the
contribution is defined as a remote contribution.


Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Peak Momentary Short-Circuit Current
Imom, peak  MFp  Imom,rms, symm

 


MFp  2 1  e X R


 


Momentary (1/2 Cycle) Short-Circuit Current
Asymmetrical RMS value of Momentary Short-
Circuit Current
Vpre  fault
Imom,rms, symm 
3Zeq
Imom,rms, asymm  MFm  Imom,rms, symm
2

MFm  1  2e X R


High Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for total current basis CBs)
Vpre  fault
Iint,rms, symm 
3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj  AMFi  I int,rms ,symm
where AMFi  MFl  NACD  MFr  MFl 


No AC Decay (NACD) Ratio
The NACD ratio is defined as the remote
contributions to the total contributions for the
short-circuit current at a given location
I remote
NACD 
I total
• Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal
• NACD = 0 if all contributions are local
• NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote


(1.5-4 Cycle)
4
 t
MFr  1  2e X R
Circuit Breaker Contact Parting

Rating in Cycles Time ( t ) in Cycles
8 4
5 3
3 2
2 1.5


(1.5-4 Cycle) Calculation
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFr for 3-phase &
line-to-ground faults.

(1.5-4 Cycle)
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFl for 3-phase faults.


(1.5-4 Cycle)
Adjusted RMS value of Interrupting Short-Circuit
Current (for symmetrically rated CBs)
AMFi  I int,rms ,symm
I int,rms ,adj 
S
Circuit Breaker Contact S Factor
Parting Time (Cycles)
4 1.0
3 1.1
2 1.2
1.5 1.3


Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Interrupting Duty
(1/2 Cycle) Calculation
Adjusted asymmetrical RMS value of Interrupting
Short-Circuit Current
Vpre  fault
Iint,rms, symm 
3Zeq
I int,rms ,adj  MF  I int,rms ,symm




2(1  e X R
)
MF  
Unfused power
breakers

( X R )test
2(1  e )


1  2e X R
MF  Fused power
breakers &

 Molded Case
( X R )test
1  2e
Note: If calculated MF < 1.0, set MF = 1.0

Circuit Breaker Type (X/R)test

Power Breaker (Unfused) 6.59
Power Breaker (Fused) 4.90
Molded Case (> 20 kA) 4.90
Molded Case (10.001 – 20 kA) 3.18
Molded Case (10 kA) 1.73


Fuse Interrupting Short-Circuit Current
Calculation
- same procedure as Circuit Breaker Interrupting
Duty calculation.

IEC Calculation Method

An equivalent voltage source at the fault location
replaces all voltage sources. A voltage factor c is
applied to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage
source for minimum and maximum current
calculations.
All machines are represented by internal impedances
Line capacitances and static loads are neglected, except
for the zero-sequence network.
Calculations consider the electrical distance from the
fault location to synchronous generators.


Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I’’k) RMS
value of the AC symmetrical component of an available
short-circuit current applicable at the instant of short-circuit
if the impedance remains at zero time value.
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)

Maximum possible instantaneous value of the available
short-circuit current.
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)

RMS value of an integral cycle of the symmetrical AC
component of of the available short-circuit current at the
instant of contact separation of the first pole of a switching
device


Steady-state Short Circuit Current (Ik)
RMS value of the short-circuit current which remains after the
decay of the transient phenomena.
Subtransient Voltage (E’’) of a Synchronous Machine

RMS value of the symmetrical internal voltage of a
synchronous machine which is active behind the subtransient
reactance Xd’’ at the moment of short circuit.
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit current
remains essentially constant


Near-to-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine
contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more
than twice the generator’s rated current or a short-circuit condition to
which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than
5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current (I” k) without motors.
Subtransient Reactance (Xd’’) of a Synchronous Machine
Effective reactance at the moment of short-circuit. MS value of the
symmetrical internal voltage of a synchronous machine which is active
behind the subtransient reactance Xd’’ at the moment of short circuit.

ZK  KG R  jX d''  kVn = nominal voltage of the terminal bus
kVr = motor rated voltage
kVn cmax Xd” = subtransient reactance
KG 
kVr 1  xd'' sin r r = machine rated power factor


Minimum Time Delay (Tmin) of a Circuit Breaker
Shortest time between the beginning of the short-circuit current
and the first contact separation of one pole of the switching device
Voltage Factor (c)
Factor used to adjust the value of the equivalent voltage source
for the minimum and maximum current calculations
Voltage Factor Voltage Factor

Max SC Calculation Min SC Calculation
230/400 V 1.00 0.95
Other LV up to 1 KV 1.05 1.00
> 1 kV to 35 kV 1.10 1.00
> 35 KV to 230 KV 1.10 1.00


c Un
I k  Zk = equiv. Impedance at fault point
3Z k
k = function of system R/X at fault location
i p  2 k I k k  1.02  0.98e 3R / X
I b  I k for far-from-generator fault
for synch. machines, for near-to-generator

I b  I k faults
I b  qI k for ind. machines, for near-to-generator

faults


  =decrement factor
  0.84  0.26e 0.26r Tmin = 0.02 s
  0.71  0.51e 0.30r Tmin = 0.05 s
  0.62  0.72e 0.32r Tmin = 0.10 s
 @
r= SC current 0.56 0.94e 0.38r gen.
 terminals/rated
gen.
Tmin  0.25 s
current
= I’’kG/IrG
If r < 2, then  = 1.
 Let m = motor MW/pole pairs. Then q = 0.79+0.12 ln(m).
q  1.0

HV CB asymmetrical breaking & dc current rating
 4 f t min 
I b ,asymm  I b ,symm 1  2 exp  
 X /R 
 2f t min 
I dc  I b ,symm 2 exp  
 X /R 
f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
Ib,symm = AC breaking current
X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 7% at 50 Hz

LV CB asymmetrical breaking current rating
 4 f t min 
 X /R 
tmin = minimum delay time

X/R = calculated based on testing PF given by IEC

Fuse asymmetrical breaking current rating
 4 f t min 
 X /R 
tmin = assumed to be a half cycle

X/R = calculated based on testing PF of 15%

Selection of Device Duties

8-Cycle Total-Rated Circuit 5-Cycle Symmetrical-Rated
Breakers (KA) Circuit Breakers (KA)
Example Momentary Closing and Closing and Short-Circuit

Circuit Interrupting
Maximum Rating (1st Latching Latching Capability
Breaker Rating (Total
System Cycle total Capability Capability (Symmetrical
Nominal Size RMS Current
Operating RMS before 1987 1987 & after RMS Current
Identification at 4-cycle
Voltage Current (1st Cycle (1st Cycle at 3-Cycle
Contact-
total RMS crest contact-
Parting Time
Current) Current) Parting Time
4.16 – 75 4.16 KV 20 10.5 19 32 10.1
4.16 – 250 4.16 KV 60 35 58 97 33.2
4.16 – 350 4.16 KV 80 48.6 78 132 46.9
13.8 – 500 13.8 KV 40 21 37 62 19.6
13.8 – 750 13.8 KV 60 13.5 58 97 30.4
13.8 – 1000 13.8 KV 80 42 77 130 40.2

Selection of Device Duties

VOLTAGE RATING CURRENT RATING RELATED REQUIRED
CAPABILITIES
Max. Closing &
Rated Rated Rated Short- Symmetrical Latching
Rated Max. Voltage Continuous Circuit Current Interrupting Capability
Voltage Range Current at at Rated Max Capability (1.6 x Rated
(K x Rated Short Short Circuit
Factor, K 60 Hz (A) kV (KA, rms) Current, kA,
Circuit Current,
KA, rms) rms)
15.5 2.67 600 8.9 24 38
15.5 1.29 1200 18 23 37
25.8 2.15 1200 11 24 35
38 1.65 1200 22 36 58
48.3 1.21 1200 17 21 33
72.5 1.21 1200 19 23 37



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Competency Training and Certification Program in Electric Power Distribution System Engineering

Short Circuit Analysis

U. P. NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTER

1. Analysis of Faulted Power System by

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Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

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Iabc abc abc

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Transformer Generalized Matrices

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 Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 4 and 5:

 Thevenin equivalent phase impedance matrices:

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Ea, Eb, Ec = Thevenin equiv. line-to-ground voltages @ the faulted node

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IPa  Ifa  YaaVax  YabV bxYacVcx   YSaVxg

IPb  Ifb  YbaVax  YbbV bxYbcVcx   YSbVxg

IPc  Ifc  YcaVax  YcbV bxYaaVcx   YScVxg

Needed: 4 additional equations

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Compute the short-circuit currents for a bolted line-to-line fault between