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Power System Modeling and Analysis
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Certificate in
Power System Modeling and Analysis
Training Course in
Course Outline
Eth Z th
abc
VLN
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 5
Iabc
c,n
Iabc
c,m
½ Yabc ½ Yabc
Voltages & currents at node n in terms of the voltages & currents at node m:
abc
VLG a V abc
b I abc
m
Iabc
n
abc
c VLG,m d I abc
m
,n LG,m
a U 21 Z abc Yabc c Yabc 41 Yabc Z abc Yabc
b Z abc d U 21 Z abc Yabc
A a 1
B a 1 b
ABC abc
VLN at VLN bt Iabc
abc
I ABC ct VLN dt Iabc
abc ABC
VLN A t VLN Bt Iabc
1 0 1 Z ta 0 0
1
At 1 1 0 Bt 0 Z tb 0
nt
0 1 1 0 0 Z tc
1 0 0 Z ta 0 0
1
A t 0 1 0 Bt 0 Z tb 0
nt
0 0 1 0 0 Z tc
1 1 0 Z tab 0 0
bc
at nt 0 1 1 bt nt 0 0 Zt
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z tab , Z tbc are referred to the low - voltage side
0 0 0 1 0 0
1
c t 0 0 0 dt 0 0 1
nt
0 0 0 0 0 0
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
1 2 3 4 5
ABC
Z sys ABC
Z sub ABC
Z eqS Z abc
xfm
abc
Z eqL
System Equivalent Substation Total In-line Total
Voltage System Transformer Primary Feeder Secondary
Source Impedance Line Transformer Line
Segment Segment
Impedance Impedance
System:
Z1
kVLL
2
Z0
3 kVLL
2
2Z 1
MVA 3 MVA 1
2Z 1 Z 0 Z 0 Z1 Z 0 Z1
1
ABC
Z sys Z 0 Z1 2Z 1 Z 0 Z 0 Z1
3
( approx )
Z 0 Z1 Z 0 Z1 2Z1 Z 0
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 20
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
Thevenin equivalent voltages at points 2 and 3:
computed by multiplying the system voltages by the generalized
transformer matrix At of the substation transformer.
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
Thevenin equivalent circuit:
Zf I fa a
Vax
Zf I fb
ZTOT b x
Vbx
Zf I fc c
Vcx
Ea Eb Ec V xg
g
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
E a Z aa Z ab Z ac I fa Z f 0 0 I fa Vax V xg
E Z b b
Z bb Z bc I f 0 Zf 0 I f Vbx V xg
b ba c c
Ec Z ca Z cb Z cc I f 0 0 Z f I f Vcx V xg
In compressed form,
Eabc ZTOT Ifabc Z F Ifabc Vabcx Vxg
Combining terms,
Eabc ZTOT Z F Ifabc Vabcx Vxg Z EQ Ifabc Vabcx Vxg
Solving for the fault currents,
Ifabc Y Eabc Y Vabcx Y Vxg
1
Y Z EQ
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 23
Short-Circuit Analysis of
abc
Unbalanced Feeders
Define IP Y E abc
Substituting & rearranging,
IPabc Ifabc Y Vabcx Y Vxg
Expanding,
I a I a Y Yab Yac Vax Yaa Yab Yac Vxg
P
b b f aa
V Y V
P
I I f
Yba Y bb Ybc bx ba Ybb Ybc xg
c c Y Ycb Ycc Vcx Yca Ycb Ycc Vxg
I I
P f ca
Short-Circuit Analysis of
a
Unbalanced Feeders
where YS Yaa Yab Yac
YSb Yba Ybb Ybc
YSa Yaa Yab Yac
3 equations, 7 unknowns - I fa , I fb , I fc ,Vax ,Vbx ,Vcx ,V xg
I Pa , I Pb , I Pc are functions of the total impedance &
the Thevenin voltages and are known
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
Three-Phase Faults:
Vax Vbx Vcx 0
I a I b Ic 0
Three-Phase-to-Ground Faults:
V ax V bx Vcx V xg 0
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
Line-to-Ground Faults (assume phase k fault with
phases i and j unfaulted):
Vkx V xg 0
I fi I fj 0
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
7 equations in matrix form:
I Pa 1 0 0 Y11 Y12 Y13 YS1 I fa
b 2 b
I P 0 1 0 Y21 Y22 Y23 YS I f
I Pc 0 0 1 Y31 Y32 Y33 YS3 I fc
0 Vax
0 Vbx
0 Vcx
0 V xg
In condensed form:
IPs C X
Short-Circuit Analysis of
Unbalanced Feeders
Solving,
X C 1 IPs
Example: 3-phase fault
C44 1 C55 1 C66 1
C71 C72 C73 1
All of the other elements in the last 4 rows of C will be set to zero.
Example
Infinite
bus I ABC Iabc
1
ABC
Z eqS 2
Z abc
eqL
3 4
Eth ,4 A t ESLN
Thevenin equiv. impedance at secondary terminals (node 3):
ABC
Z th ,3 At Z eqS dt Z tabc
IP Yeq ,4 Eth ,4
For the a-b fault at node 4,
I fa I fb 0
I fc 0
Vax Vbx 0
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 31
X C 1 ISP
Suppose that the phase impedance matrices for the 2 line segments are:
1 0 0
a1 d1 U 0 1 0
0 0 1
ABC
b1 Z eqS
0.1414 j 0.5353 0.0361 j 0.3225 0.0361 j 0.2752
0.0361 j 0.3225 0.1414 j 0.5353 0.0361 j 0.2953
0.0361 j 0.2752 0.0361 j 0.2955 0.1414 j 0.5353
c1 0
1 0 0
A1 a11 0 1 0
0 0 1
B1 a11 b1
0.1414 j 0.5353 0.0361 j 0.3225 0.0361 j 0.2752
0.0361 j 0.3225 0.1414 j 0.5353 0.0361 j 0.2953
0.0361 j 0.2752 0.0361 j 0.2955 0.1414 j 0.5353
Transformer:
Transformer impedance in ohms referenced to the low-voltage winding
2.4 2 1000
Z base 2.88
2000
Z tlow (0.01 j 0.06) 2.88 0.0288 j 0.1728
Transformer phase impedance matrix
0.0288 j 0.1728 0 0
Z abc
t 0 0.0288 j 0.1728 0
0 0 0.0288 j 0.1728
Turns ratio: Transformer ratio:
12.47 12.47
nt 5.1958 at 2.9998
2 .4 3 2. 4
1 1 0 0.1925 0.1925 0
1
dt 0 1 1 0 0.1925 0.1925
nt
1 0 1 0.1925 0 0.1925
1 0 1 0.1925 0 0.1925
1
At 1 1 0 0.1925 0.1925 0
nt
0 1 1 0 0.1925 0.1925
0.0288 j 0.1728 0 0
Bt Z abc
t 0 0.0288 j 0.1728 0
0 0 0.0288 j 0.1728
The infinite bus balanced line-to-line voltages are 12.47 kV, which leads to
balanced line-to-neutral voltages at 7.2 kV:
12,47030 o 7199.60 o
o o
E LL,s 12,470 90 V ELN ,s 7199.6 120
12,470150o 7199.6120o
The line-to-neutral Thevenin circuit voltages at node 4 are:
2400 30 o
o
E th,4 A t E LN ,s 2400 150
2400 90 o
3
0.2580 j 0.8353
Ys Yeq,ik 0.2590 j 0.8240 S
k 1
0.3007 j 0.8889
Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
R L
di
Ri L E sin t
E sin (t+) dt
E sin t E sin( ) R t
i e X
2 2 2 2
R X R X
Characteristic of
Short Circuit Currents
E sin t E sin( ) R t
i e X
R2 X 2 R2 X 2
Fuse N/A
Vpre fault
Imom,rms, symm
3Zeq
Imom,rms, asymm MFm Imom,rms, symm
2
MFm 1 2e X R
I remote
NACD
I total
• Total short circuit current Itotal = Iremote + Ilocal
• NACD = 0 if all contributions are local
• NACD = 1 if all contributions are remote
4
t
MFr 1 2e X R
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFr for 3-phase &
line-to-ground faults.
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 62
Multiplying factors (total current basis CBs) MFl for 3-phase faults.
2(1 e X R
)
MF
Unfused power
breakers
( X R )test
2(1 e )
1 2e X R
MF Fused power
breakers &
Molded Case
( X R )test
1 2e
Note: If calculated MF < 1.0, set MF = 1.0
U. P. National Engineering Center Competency Training & Certification Program in
National Electrification Administration Electric Power Distribution System Engineering
Training Course in Short Circuit Analysis 66
Far-from-Generator Short-Circuit
Short-circuit condition to which the magnitude of the
symmetrical ac component of the available short-circuit current
remains essentially constant
ZK KG R jX d'' kVn = nominal voltage of the terminal bus
kVr = motor rated voltage
kVn cmax Xd” = subtransient reactance
KG
kVr 1 xd'' sin r r = machine rated power factor
4 f t min
I b ,asymm I b ,symm 1 2 exp
X /R
2f t min
I dc I b ,symm 2 exp
X /R
f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
4 f t min
I b ,asymm I b ,symm 1 2 exp
X /R
f = system frequency
tmin = minimum delay time
4 f t min
I b ,asymm I b ,symm 1 2 exp
X /R
f = system frequency
tmin = assumed to be a half cycle
38 1.65 1200 22 36 58