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CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Mitigation of AC Induced Voltage


On Buried Metallic Pipelines

Mr. Dusit Thongjun


Managing Director
CGL Engineering Co., Ltd.

1
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Outline of Presentation
Causes of AC voltages on pipelines

Problems associated AC interference

Mechanisms of AC induced voltages

Mitigation options

AC mitigation modeling


CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

What is AC Interference ?
Electrical currents and electromagnetic fields from the
powerline in close proximity of a pipeline can produce
AC voltages on pipelines

The magnitude and location of induced AC on a


pipeline is a function of numerous conditions and is
difficult to predict

The induced voltages can exist during normal or


abnormal operation of the powerline
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Shared Right of Ways (ROW)


Clear / unoccupied Right-
of-Way's are difficult to
obtain for new pipelines

An attractive option is for


new pipelines to a share an
existing ROW with an
overhead electric power
transmission systems
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Issues with Induced AC on Pipelines in


Shared ROW’s
Safety
Induced voltage can provide shock hazards to
personnel safety

Pipeline Integrity
Coating damage
AC induced corrosion
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Personnel Safety
Safety standards for personnel are based on Touch
and Step potentials which can result in shock
hazards.
Step potential is the voltage difference measured
between two points on the earth separated by a
distance of 1 pace (1 meter)
Touch potential is the voltage difference between a
metallic structure and a point on the earth separated
by a distance of the normal reach of human (1 m)
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Touch and Step Potentials

Touch Potential Step Potential


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North American Standards


NACE RP0177
Considers AC step potentials >15 volts to be a
potential shock hazard. Voltages above that level
require mitigation or evidence that a potential
shock hazard does not exist.
ANSI / IEEE 80
Provides safety criteria related to heart fibrillation
Safety limits are inversely proportional to fault
duration and directly proportional to surface
resistivity
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Coating Damage
Fault currents from powerlines can be
collected and discharged from pipelines
at coating holidays
Coating damage can occur when voltage
exceed the dielectric strength of the
coating
Arching stresses may damage the
pipeline
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

AC Induced Corrosion
Recent finding indicate that AC current can cause
2% of the equivalent DC electrolysis problems on
steel pipelines
AC induced corrosion is primarily a function of
current density on steel structures. The general
likelihood of AC induced corrosion is:
Current density < than 30A/m² : no or low
Current > than 30A/m² < 100 A/m² : medium
Current density > than 100A/m² : very high
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Example of AC Induced Corrosion


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AC Interference Mechanism
Generation of AC induced voltages on a
pipeline typically occur by one of the
following mechanisms:
Capacitive coupling
Resistive coupling (electrolytic)
Inductive coupling
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Capacitive Coupling

Caused by accumulation of electrostatic charge


resulting in capacitive coupling between the
powerline and a coated pipeline

Typically occurs during construction when coated and


ungrounded sections of pipe are near a HV powerline

Unlikely on buried pipeline because the of the low


pipe-to-earth capacitance
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Resistive Coupling (Electrolytic)


Unbalance phase to phase or phase to
ground faults of a powerline may cause
current flow through the earth
Underground metallic structures in the
vicinity may conduct some of the current
Typical occurs during abnormal
operating conditions of the powerline
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Inductive Coupling
Current flow in the powerline creates an electromagnetic field
surrounding the conductors
An AC voltage can be induced on a metallic structure
positioned in the magnetic field
Occurs during normal operating conditions of the powerline
The induced potential on the affected pipeline can reach 100’s
of volts and present shock hazards
Pipelines within 350m to a HV powerline should be
investigated
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Factors Contributing to AC Interference


Soil resistivity values
Magnitude of steady state current in powerline
Separation distance and orientation
Powerline operating characteristics
Magnitude and duration of fault currents
Grounding characteristic
Pipeline coating type
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

AC Interference Mitigation
Equipotential gradient control mats
Test stations
Main line valves
Meter stations
Casing vents
Parallel zinc ribbon grounding electrodes
Point grounding with sacrificial anodes
DC de-couplers devices
Dead front construction of test stations
Non-metallic casing vents
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Equipotential Grounding Mat to


Prevent Shock Hazards

Test Station

Ground Mat
Water Pipeline Connected to Pipe
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Zinc Grounding Mats


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Distributed Galvanic Anodes


(Point Grounding)
Overhead AC Transmission Line

Underground Pipeline

Distributed Sacrificial Anodes

Induced Voltage
Without Anodes

With Anodes

Distance
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

DC De-coupling Device
 Conducts AC current & blocks DC
current
 AC current is dissipated to earth
 Electronic Polarization Cell
Replacements (PCR)

Power Cable Sheath

Insulating Flange
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Double Zinc Ribbon Installation


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AC Interference Modeling
CDEGS Interference Analysis Software

Estimates interference due to inductive and


conductive coupling
Calculates steady state voltage conditions
Define phase to ground fault condition
Predicts step and touch potentials
Determines high risk areas e.g. phase
transpositions, powerline crossings of ROW
Recommends AC mitigation options
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Input for AC Interference Modeling


Soil conditions
Pipeline characteristics
Pipeline and power system
alignments
Power system characteristics
 Operating voltage
 Fault currents
 Phase transpositions
 Tower configurations
 Static wire
 Grounding design
 Substation locations
CGL ENGINEERING CO., LTD.
RIGHT OF WAY SCHEMATIC AC Circuit 3 - 115KV AC Circuit 7 - 500KV
AC Circuit 2 - 230KV AC Circuit 6 - 500KV
5
Crossings not shown for clarity AC Circuit 1 - 500KV AC Circuit 5 - 115KV
4 .5

4 Cypress Pipeline AC Circuit 4 - 230KV


3 .5

2 .5

1 .5

0.5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

STEADY STATE PIPE TO EARTH VOLTAGE

120

No Mitigation
Single Ribbon Mitigation
Double Ribbon Mitigation
90 15-Volt Maximum
VOLTS

60

30

15-Volt Maximum

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
CONSTRUCTION MILEPOST
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Touch Potentials Predictions at Valve


Station Under Fault Conditions
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Thank You

Can I answer any questions?

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