Massive MIMO and Beamforming For 5G - Rev - A - WBL - Part1

Massive MIMO and
Beamforming for 5G
- part 1
Ericsson
Mikael Larsson C Academy
LEARN, SHARE, GROW
What’s in it for you?
Learn about:
• What Massive MIMO is and why it is needed
• How large antenna arrays works
• How the radio channel supports and influences MIMO performance
• How higher frequencies for 5G influences the channel behavior
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
MIMO Beamforming for for
Beamforming 5G5G
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| Ericsson | LZU1430487
Internal Uen,
| LZU1430487 Rev
Uen, A |A 2016-09-07
Rev | Page
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OBJECTIVES & Agenda
Learning Objectives
› Define the main principles and concept of Massive MIMO

› Explain the basic radio channel properties, spatio-temporal
properties and mmW propagation
› Explain the basic array antenna theory
› Explain the concepts of precoding and spatial multiplexing
› Describe MIMO in LTE
› Define Massive MIMO and massive beamforming
› Describe Beam mobility
Agenda
› MIMO basics
› Radio channel basics, higher frequencies
› Array Antenna basics
› Precoding and spatial mux
› MIMO in LTE
› Massive MIMO and Beamforming
›
Part 2
Beam Mobility
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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DISCLAIMER
This Student Presentation Material is a training document and contains simplifications.
Therefore, it must not be considered as a specification of the system.

The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to ongoing progress in methodology, design and manufacturing.

Ericsson shall have no liability for any error or damage of any kind resulting from the use of this document.

This document is not intended to replace the technical documentation that was shipped with your system.
Always refer to that technical documentation during operation and maintenance.

© Ericsson AB 2016

This document was produced by Ericsson.

The book is to be used for training purposes only and it is strictly prohibited to copy, reproduce, disclose or distribute it in any manner
without the express written consent from Ericsson.
Massive MIMO and Beamforming for 5G | Ericsson Internal | LZU1430487 Uen, Rev A | 2016-09-07 | Page 4
5G Disclaimer
• 5G and LTE Evolution are currently being defined
• Information in this presentation represents our

best current understanding
• Details will be different after standardization and

commercialization
MIMO Introduction
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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INTRODUCTION
• FD-MIMO
• VL-MIMO, Hyper MIMO
• Massive MIMO/ Beamforming
• Advanced Antenna Systems (AAS)
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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MIMO Overview
› Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Beamforming, Diversity
Tx
Layer
A
Rx Time
Spatial Multiplexing Beam II B
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO Rx
C
Why Massive MIMO?
› 1000 - 10000x more capacity needed for 5G
– ~20x higher bandwidth at higher frequencies
› Need for High Gain Beamforming to overcome path loss -> ~10x spectrum efficiency with SMUX
– ~50x more dense deployment
› Many low power basestations
› 20 x10 x 50 = 10000x
› High gain beamforming enables 2D beamforming and spatial mux

› High gain beamforming requires hundreds of low power amplifiers and antenna elements per
basestation -> low cost per unit
Electromagnetic waves
and information
›› Transfers
energy and information from one place
to another Claude Shannon (1916-2001)
› The amount of information C [bits/s] that can be 𝑆

reliably transmitted is a function of the bandwidth
B and the signal to noise (and interference) ratio
S/N
𝐶=𝐵 ⋅ log 2 1+
𝑁 ( )
› One main contributor to the noise is thermal
noise:
when
How can we increase the Bandwidth?
› Quite crowded at 1-3 GHz
300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz
› Solution: Use higher frequency bands
– Beyond 6 GHz and up to mmW
› New problem: Higher path loss?
› Solution: Use beamforming
2.1GHz UE2
2.1GHz
Celledge1&2---
Celledge2---
Celledge1---
6,5GHz UE2
UE1 6,5GHz UE1&2 UE1
RBS RBS RBS
< 20% of area
100% of area
Same bit-rate Same bit-rate
How can we improve the signal quality?
› More power is not really a solution
– we want energy efficient communications
› Better to ensure that the power we use is more efficiently utilized
› Transmit only in directions where the energy will reach the receiver
– Improves the received signal strength
– Reduces interference to other receivers
› Adaptive beamforming and MIMO can be taken much further than in

current systems
– More directive beams Sp a
– Multiple beams: serve more simultaneous users, serve each user with more t ia l
parallel data streams F il t e
ring
› We are still far from utilizing the base station antenna area optimally
Everything is beamforming
- well, almost…
› Sector Antennas
– Static antenna pattern, e.g. 120° azimuth, 10° elevation
› Antenna Tilt
– Very slow changes…
› Tx diversity – not beamforming in LTE

interferer interferer
› Rx Diversity
– MRC, IRC
› Spatial Multiplexing
– Open loop, Closed loop, SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO
› Beamforming, Cell Shaping Tx

– Coverage improvement, energy efficiency…
Rx
Different levels of beamforming
Sectorization 1D Beamforming 2D Beamforming
Massive MIMO
Massive Beam-forming
Wireless Backhaul
Elevation Beamforming, FD-MIMO
Massive MIMO/Beamforming takes this concept

even further with narrower beams
- Better coverage
- Better capacity
Digital vs Analog Beamforming
s s ib le
Digital BF FS S po
BF weights attached in frequency domain:
Different allocation in same symbol can be beam formed in different directions
In one subframe, Control, UL and DL may have their separate BF
o ma in
p a ti al d
Time
o in s
al s
ed uling r ates
Sch t e r fac e
Analog BF e di n
x
BF weights attached in time domain: R ela
All allocation in same symbol is beam formed in same direction
In one subframe, Control, UL and DL may have their separate BF
Time
The multi antenna advantage
Channel capacity (bitrate/Hz) C = log2(1 + SNR)
Capacity proportional to bandwidth
C = BW log2(1 + SNR) (bits/s) Low SNR:
SNR
log(1+SNR) ≈ SNR
Cap
C
Beamforming and/or Rx diversity
C
High SNR:
SNR
log(1+SNR) ≈ log(SNR)
C
Power inefficient transmission
C
SNR SNR SNR
Spatial multiplexing
C = log2(1 + M SNR) High SNR:
C = M log2(1 + SNRx) = M Cx • Create additional layer (stream)
• Share available SNR between layers
Ca
• Each (independent) layer provide capacity Cx

p
C = C1 + C2
SNR
SNR
C
Exercise
› At a certain position, a terminal has 10 dB SNR with one antenna at the

base-station. How large is the max rate increase when using:
– 8 antennas without SMUX (only beamforming) compared to only one antenna?
– 8 antennas with spatial multiplexing compared to only one antenna?
› 8 antenna elements at an SNR of 10dB would give us log2(1+8*10)

/log2(1+10) = 1,83 (83%) increase compared to one antenna.
› With spatial multiplexing, 8 antennas would instead give us up to 8 times
(700%) increase compared to one antenna.
Multi Antenna Benefits
› Improved Coverage and Capacity
› Potential for higher data rates
› Max Channel rank rmax = min { # tx antennas, # rx antennas}
› Transmission rank r ≤ rmax parallel symbol streams (layers)
› Number of layers r depends on channel properties
Higher spectral efficiency!
Up to rmax times higher throughput!

Precoding for exploiting channel info at Tx
Side PMI: recommended weights w
RI: recommended # layers
2x2 MIMO CQI: resulting quality
h11
AP0 h12
Layer 1
h21
w11 h22
Layer 2
w21
AP1
w12 L1 L2
w22
CSI feedback (PMI,RI, CQI) w w21  AP0
W   11
 w12 w22  AP1
› Precoding with multi layers -> Spatial Multiplexing

– Multiply each layer with corresponding precoding vector => matrix weighting!
Discussion
› What is MIMO?
– Transmission and reception on multiple spatially separated layers (spatial mux)
– Multiple antennas on both tx and rx
– Multiple antennas at the base station
– Beamforming
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Quiz
› What is spatial mux?

– Multiple layers that each uses the whole SNR of the channel
– Multiple layers that share the SNR of the channel
– Tx diversity and Rx diversity used simultaneously
– It is the same as MIMO
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Quiz
› What does 4x2 MIMO support?

– Up to 2 layer spatial mux
– Up to 4 layer spatial mux
– 4 tx and 2 rx antennas
– 2 tx and 4 rx antennas
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Quiz
› What is MIMO capable of?

– Spatial mux
– Beamforming
– Tx diversity
– Rx diversity
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Array Antenna Basics
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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A few basic antenna concepts...
› An isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions

– A theoretical concept used as a reference
› A directive antenna focuses the radiation in certain directions
› Directivity (“antenna gain”) is ratio of power radiated in max direction to isotropic

reference
– Antenna gain, G, can be described in logarithmic units dBi or dBd
Free space propagation
› Isotropic transmitter with power

› Power density at distance :
› Note: No frequency dependence!

𝑃
𝑇𝑋
Beamforming principle
 Figure shows a 4-element Uniform Linear Array (ULA)
 When Δx is λ/2 we have nulls (assuming signals to the different elements in phase)
 Antenna element distance of d=λ/2 eliminates grating lobes
Δx Δx
x  d  sin( )
d θ
d
θ
Beamforming
›› Time difference between two elements

› But c= f,
› Element distance (in ):
› Unambiguous for d=1/2, larger element distance leads to ambiguities
– Grating lobes
› Narrow band signal (e.g. sinusoid): time  phase
– Relative bandwidth important when modelled with phase shift
d θ
0.5
-0.5
-1
0 20 40 60 80 100
sin ( 𝜔 𝑡 1 +φ ) =sin (𝜔 𝑡 2)
Interference and Directional Properties
Constructive Interference
= peak in antenna diagram
Destructive Interference
= null in antenna diagram
Stacking and Ground plane
1.0 hs
= gt
d le n
ave
w
Mutual coupling
› The elements will induce currents on each other
› The closer, the more mutual coupling
› This affects the antenna performance (diagram, xpd etc)
› On large arrays, one remedy is to place dummy elements at the edges, so that no active element is
on the edge
Larger Antenna arrays
Sub-arrays Arrays of sub-arrays
4x1 8x1 32x1 1x1 1x4 1x8

1x1
(1×1)×(1×4) = 4 elements
........
Antenna configurations
8T8R 32T32R 64T64R

8 subarrays 32 subarrays 64 subarrays
1x4x2 ports 4x4x2 ports 4x8x2 ports

8x1 subarray 2x1 subarray 2x1 subarray
Discussion
› Free space path loss is: If receiving

– Frequency dependent (by square)
antenna is
– Frequency dependent (proportional)
included
– Distance dependent (by square)
– Distance dependent (proportional)
– Frequency independent
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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The Spatio-Temporal Radio Channel
Basics
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Fading in Time/Frequency
Coherence
window
Bc
Tc
Coherence BW Bc: Channel (impulse Coherence time Tc: Channel (impulse
responses) highly correlated over freq responses) highly correlated over time
Some channel quantities
  2 P  P
2 Power

› RMS Delay Spread (σrms)  rms    (W) Impulse response
 P   P 

› Excess Delay P0
k P1
› Coherence Bandwidth (Bc) BC 
 rms P2
› Doppler Shift (fd) v P

fd   cos  

› Doppler Spectrum τ0 τ1 τ2 t(μs)
k 
TC   RMS Delay Spread
› Coherence Time (Tc) f m 4v fd
-fm fm
Excess Delay
› Long term coherence
  2 P  P 
2
φ2
› Angular spread (AS)
ASrms  
 P   P

 φo
 v
φ1
› Coherence distance (DC) 2
DC 
AS rms
Fading in two dimensions
- 2D isotropic environment
[cm]
[cm]
~0.7λ Dc = 9λ/16π
Angular spread in a typical urban scenario
› Angular spread at base station side typically much lower than at the terminal side
– Beamforming at base station side beneficial
– Easier to obtain low spatial correlation at terminal side (shorter antenna distance than at base station)
Angular spread low Angular spread high
DoA
DoD
[m] [cm
[m] ] [cm]
UE vs Channel Angular Spread
› Large UE angular spread

=> large gain with UE specific beamforming ASUE
› Large channel angular spread

=> better chance to resolve multipaths and
achieve high rank (e.g indoor basestation)
ASChannel
Angular spread in an indoor BS scenario
› Angular spread at base station can be high
– Beamforming at base station side still beneficial
– Easy to obtain low spatial correlation at both terminal and bs side (short antenna distance also in base station)
– Many antenna ports beneficial => many layers
Angular
spread high
Angular spread high

Delay Spread / Coherence Bandwidth
impacts:
› The choice of numerology (to avoid ISI) TCP Tsymbol
2
Tsymbol  10 rms TCP  (approximate “rules of thumb”)
Bc
› The choice of density in frequency of DMRS, CSI-RS…
› The choice of granularity in frequency of CSI reporting

– A low CBW requires a high granularity
f
› The choice of granularity of frequency selective
scheduling/precoding/LA
– A low CBW requires a high granularity
Doppler spread / Coherence time impacts:
› The choice of density in time of DMRS, CSI-RS…
› The required CSI feedback rate
› The beamforming update rate
› The robustness requirements of e.g. PRACH
CSI
- RS
CSI
fe ed b
ack
t
Coherence window
– short-scale Ts
› Within this window f

– Channel stable between DMRS
(Tc > subframe) Bc
– Channel stable within
scheduled BW (Bc > Bs)
– DMRS together with user data t
– Coherent demod performed Bs
Tc
e it τ=BcTc [Symbols]
ti m
a l ly the i o n of
typic f r ac t
Tc is a
ove ~λ/4)
to m (
takes velength
a
the w
1 subframe
Coherence window
– large-scale (second order coherence)
› Within this window

– Long term spatial characteristics (DoA, DoD f
etc) stable during Tcc and Bcc
– Reference signals has to be sent (CSI-RS, Bcc τ=BccTcc
DMRS or RRS)
– CSI feedback sent (FDD only) [Symbols]
– the channel estimated t
– the tx/rx made
Tcc
– (ACK/NACK sent)
RRS (TDD) + channel
it t akes to estimation
t h e time
ty pically att e r ing
T cc is no t h er sc RS DL Data ACK
o v e to a r beam
m n t o
vir o n me
en CSI feedback (FDD) + channel May use same
estimation beam
Angular spread Impacts:
2
› The coherence distance DC 
ASrms
– The distance between antenna elements
› Correlated for beamforming
› Uncorrelated for diversity and spatial mux
Angular spread
Angular spread low high
DoA
DoD
Long term vs short term channel properties
› The DoA changes quite slowly
– mainly due to UE movements
› The polarization properties changes more rapidly
– due to phase shifts, obstacle angle etc
Large/rapid changes in
Small/slow changes in
polarization
DoA and DoD
DoA
DoD
The polarization will

change almost
Massive MIMO and Beamforming for 5G | Ericsson Internal | LZU1430487 Uen, Rev A | 2016-09-07 | Page 49 randomly
Quiz
› The Doppler effect may give rise to:

– Delay spread
– Time dispersion
– The “Bath tub” spectrum
– The PDP (Power Delay Profile)
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Quiz
› Which two propagation phenomena directly impacts the coherence time?

– Delay spread
– Coherence bandwidth
– Doppler spread
– Flat fading
– Angular spread
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Quiz
› A high angular spread results in:

– Narrower distance between fading dips
– Longer distance between fading dips
– Easier to achieve uncorrelated antennas
– Harder to achieve uncorrelated antennas
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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mmW propagation
› Background to usage of higer frequency bands

› Table of frequency bands
› mmW propagation
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
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Background to usage of Higher Frequency
bands
› Quite crowded at 1-2 GHz
› Higher frequency bands being considered, all the way up to 100 GHz
› Lots of bandwidth available
› Path loss will be an issue, or will it?

– PRX = PTX - 32,4 – 20 log(d) - 20*log(f)
Attenuation [dB/km]
20 Attenuation (free space)
Attenuation [dB]
120
Range or Frequency [m, GHz] Frequency [GHz]

Frequency bands
Frequency
Band name Abbreviation ITU band and Example uses
wavelength in air
3–30 Hz
Extremely low frequency ELF 1 Communication with submarines
100,000 km – 10,000 km
30–300 Hz
Super low frequency SLF 2 Communication with submarines
10,000 km – 1000 km
300–3000 Hz
Ultra low frequency ULF 3 Submarine communication, communication within mines
1000 km – 100 km
3–30 kHz
Very low frequency VLF 4 Navigation, time signals, submarine communication, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics
100 km – 10 km
30–300 kHz
Low frequency LF 5 Navigation, clock time signals, AM longwave broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), RFID,amateur radio
10 km – 1 km
300–3000 kHz
Medium frequency MF 6 AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio,avalanche beacons
1 km – 100 m
3–30 MHz Shortwave broadcasts, citizens' band radio, amateur radio and over-the-horizon aviation communications, RFID, over-the-horizon radar,

High frequency HF 7
100 m – 10 m automatic link establishment (ALE) / near-vertical incidence skywave (NVIS) radio communications,marine and mobile radio telephony
30–300 MHz FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur
Very high frequency VHF 8
10 m – 1 m radio, weather radio
300–3000 MHz Television broadcasts, microwave oven, microwavedevices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-

Ultra high frequency UHF 9
1 m – 100 mm way radios such as land mobile, FRS andGMRS radios, amateur radio
3–30 GHz Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications satellites, cable and satellite television broadcasting,
Super high frequency SHF 10
100 mm – 10 mm DBS, amateur radio
30–300 GHz
Extremely high frequency EHF 11 Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio,directed-energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner
10 mm – 1 mm
Terahertz or 300–3000 GHz Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement for X-rays in some medical applications, ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed-matter physics,
THz or THF 12
Tremendously high frequency 1 mm – 100 μm terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio
From Wikipedia
mmW propagation
› Atmospheric absorption
› Precipitation attenuation
› Attenuation in foliage
› Body loss
› Diffraction
› Outdoor to indoor propagation

› Diffuse/Specular reflections
› Higher bandwidth -> more noise
Reflections at mmW frequencies
At higher frequencies:
› Reflections more scattered
– Irregularities of the reflecting surface similar size as wavelength
› Less multipath
› Lower delay spread
› Less penetration depth - l i ke

– More body loss, more wall penetration loss etc
L O S
o re t io n
M a g a
p
E
pro
E
H H
Penetration depth (skin depth) δ = λ/(2π)
Reflecting surface (non-ideal)
Indoor coverage from outdoor base stations
› On average, increasing penetration loss with
increasing frequency
› Resonances due to multiple reflections in e.g.
multiple-glass window panes can result in strong
variations
Outdoor to indoor propagation
› In general more loss, but shorter wavelengths can pass through smaller holes (windows etc)
– If the opening is smaller than the wavelength it will act as a wall
› Higher frequencies may sometimes even give better indoor coverage
– Passing through e.g rebar grid in concrete
λ
d λ
λ<d λ>d
Wave propagation at higher frequencies
LoS
› More LOS-like propagation
– Lower probability for higher channel ranks Multipath reflections
› More important with polarization multiplexing (max 2 layers)
– One LoS Physical Beam can serve two layers separated in polarization
Layer 1
Layer 2
So, any positive sides of high freq propagation?
Yes! Small cells due to:
› In some environments, lots of multipath can be observed - Capacity need
– More reflecting objects
– Also NLoS communications possible - Power regulations
– Higher probability for higher channel ranks
- CP overhead
› Higher antenna gain with moderate size
– A high gain antenna on the base station side may compensate for the path loss - Path loss
– A high gain antenna also at the terminal side adds additional gain…
Free space propagation
› Path loss between isotropic antennas: ~20*log10(f) Prx~f -2
› Antenna directivity: ~area in l2  ~20*log10(f)
f2>f1
› Frequency independent propagation between fixed area
antenna and isotropic antenna
Prx~f 0
› 20*log(f) gain in propagation between two fixed antenna areas
Prx~f 2
We need to point the antennas in the right direction!

Examples of array sizes 128 Tx/Rx
128 TX/RX
4.5 GHz, λ = 0.067 m
28 GHz,
λ = 0.01 m
128 TX/RX 60 GHz,
λ = 0.005 m
0.2 m
1.3 m
0.1 m
1.3 m
0.32 m 0.025 m
0.05 m
h a ve
n n as
ante v it y !
s e r e c t i
Th e e di
s am
th e
0.32 m
Some examples of coherence windows
2.5 MHz  outdoor
6 MHz  indoor
› LTE-NX @ 15 GHZ 3.4 ms  Pedestrian

0.5 ms  Low-speed
0.2 ms  Moderate speed
4.5 MHz  outdoor

6 MHz  indoor
1.6 ms  Pedestrian
0.2 ms  Low-speed
0.1 ms  Moderate speed
› LTE-NX @ 30 GHZ
Exercise - Coherence
› Estimate which numerology should be chosen if the max UE speed is 20 m/s in
an urban radio channel at 28 GHz
Optimized CP / low Small CP /
Normal CP /
frequency / high frequency / Extended CP
low frequency
reduced latency reduced latency
30 kHz 60 kHz 15, 30, 60 kHz

Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz
(2x15 kHz) (4x15 kHz) ()
Subframe duration 500 µs 250 µs 125 µs 500/n µs

Subframe illustration
OFDM symbol, duration 66.67 µs 33.33 µs 16.67 µs 66.67/n µs
Cyclic prefix, duration 4.76 µs 2.38 µs 1.19 µs 16.67/n µs
OFDM symbol including

71.43 µs 35.71 µs 17.86 µs 83.33/n µs
cyclic prefix
Solution: coherence is only achieved within a quarter of a wavelength. Wavelength is 1,07 cm, so around 2.7 mm is a safe
movement between DMRSs. At 20 m/s, 2.7 mm is covered in 134 μs, so the subframe duration should be shorter than that.
-> 60kHz numerology should be chosen.
Exercise
› Assuming a terminal speed of 34 m/s, a beamwidth of 10° and a minimum
distance between basestation and terminal of 10 m, what is the minimum CSI
update rate? We can assume that the radio channel is long term coherent
(second order) within the beam.
Solution: at 10 m distance, a 10° beam is around 1.7 m wide. That

corresponds to 50 ms at 34 m/s.
-> 20 Hz CSI update rate (quite easily achieved)
Quiz
› What is mmW?
– Microwave radio frequencies
– Radio frequencies between 30-300 GHz
– A unit for power at microwave frequencies
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
| Ericsson Internal
Internal Uen,
| LZU1430487 Rev
Uen, A |A 2016-09-07
Rev | Page
| 2016-09-07 | 67
Page 67
Quiz
› mmW propagation compared to lower frequency propagation is best described by:

– Larger delay spread and less Doppler shift
– Lower delay spread and higher coherence bandwidth
– More diffuse reflections and higher doppler shifts
– Possible to achieve low path loss thanks to high antenna gains
Massive MIMO
Massive andand
Beamforming 5G5G
| Ericsson Internal
Internal Uen,
| LZU1430487 Rev
Uen, A |A 2016-09-07
Rev | Page
| 2016-09-07 | 68
Page 68
Example of Spatial Multiplexing
90 2
120 60
1.5
90
Layer 1
2
120 60 150 1 30
1.5
0.5
150 1 30
180 0
0.5
180 0
210 330
240 300
210 330
270
Precoder 1
240 300
Layer 2
Precoder 1 270
RBS
-DL SU-MIMO (SDM)
1 1 
W  
1  1
Layer 2
Laye
r1
La
y er
2
RBS
-DL SU-MIMO (SDM)
1 1 
W  
 j  j
Layer 2
Laye
r2
La
ye
r1
RBS
Spatial Mux with co-pol antennas
1. The chosen precoder gives rise to two resulting orthogonal
antenna patterns. One pattern per layer.
The precoder is recommended by

the UE in feedback reports (closed
loop SM) or cyclically changed 2. The receiver
(open loop SM) uses the
corresponding
precoder, which
will separate the
two layers
Resulting precoder tx polarization
- with orthogonal dipoles 0º
Columns have 0º and 180º shift 1 1

180º
1 1
 
-90º +90º
Columns have +90º and -90º 1 1 

shift j  j
 
-αº +αº
When tx branches not coherent a b  α≠0º,180º,±90º
c d 
 
Spatial Mux with x-pol antennas
- 2 layers, legacy LTE
1. The chosen precoder gives rise to two resulting

orthogonal polarizations (linear, circular or elliptical). 2. The polarization
One polarization per layer. changes direction
almost randomly,
depending on the
surface and angle of
the reflecting object. A 3. The resulting
certain polarization may signal after the
be partially cancelled reflections is the
out at one reflection… vector sum of all
components
2 …while the other polarization may

be completely cancelled out at
another reflection.
loop SM) or cyclically changed
4. The receiver
(open loop SM)
uses the
corresponding
precoder, which
will separate the
two layers
Spatial Mux with x-pol antennas
- 4 layers, legacy LTE
1. The chosen precoder gives rise to two resulting

beams with orthogonal polarizations (linear, circular or 2. The polarization
elliptical). One polarization per layer. In total four layers changes direction
almost randomly,
depending on the
surface and angle of the
reflecting object. This 3. The resulting
time both polarizations signal after the
are reflected quite reflections is the
equally… vector sum of all
components
2 …and here both polarizations are

also reflected quite equally.
loop SM) or cyclically changed
4. The receiver
(open loop SM)
uses the
corresponding
precoder, which
will separate the
four layers in both
polarization and
“beam” domains

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Massive MIMO and

• What Massive MIMO is and why it is needed

• How large antenna arrays works

• How the radio channel supports and influences MIMO performance

• How higher frequencies for 5G influences the channel behavior

› Define the main principles and concept of Massive MIMO

• 5G and LTE Evolution are currently being defined

• Information in this presentation represents our

• Details will be different after standardization and

› Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Spatial Multiplexing Beam II B

› High gain beamforming enables 2D beamforming and spatial mux

› The amount of information C [bits/s] that can be 𝑆

› Better to ensure that the power we use is more efficiently utilized

› Adaptive beamforming and MIMO can be taken much further than in

› Tx diversity – not beamforming in LTE

› Beamforming, Cell Shaping Tx

Sectorization 1D Beamforming 2D Beamforming

Elevation Beamforming, FD-MIMO

Massive MIMO/Beamforming takes this concept

Power inefficient transmission

• Each (independent) layer provide capacity Cx

› At a certain position, a terminal has 10 dB SNR with one antenna at the

› 8 antenna elements at an SNR of 10dB would give us log2(1+8*10)

› Potential for higher data rates

› Max Channel rank rmax = min { # tx antennas, # rx antennas}

› Transmission rank r ≤ rmax parallel symbol streams (layers)

› Number of layers r depends on channel properties

Higher spectral efficiency!

Up to rmax times higher throughput!

2x2 MIMO CQI: resulting quality

› Precoding with multi layers -> Spatial Multiplexing

› What is spatial mux?

› What does 4x2 MIMO support?

› What is MIMO capable of?

› An isotropic antenna radiates equally in all directions

› A directive antenna focuses the radiation in certain directions

› Directivity (“antenna gain”) is ratio of power radiated in max direction to isotropic

› Isotropic transmitter with power

› Note: No frequency dependence!

4x1 8x1 32x1 1x1 1x4 1x8

8T8R 32T32R 64T64R

1x4x2 ports 4x4x2 ports 4x8x2 ports

› Free space path loss is: If receiving

› Doppler Shift (fd) v P

Angular spread low Angular spread high

› Large UE angular spread

› Large channel angular spread

Angular spread high

› The choice of density in frequency of DMRS, CSI-RS…

› The choice of granularity in frequency of CSI reporting

› The required CSI feedback rate

› The beamforming update rate

› The robustness requirements of e.g. PRACH

› Within this window f

› Within this window

The polarization will

› The Doppler effect may give rise to: