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Scheduling
Objectives of scheduling
• Fulfill the targets by means of available resources
– Available in specified amounts
– the operating conditions may be different.
• In manufacturing
– Minimize the production time and costs, by telling a production
facility what to make, when, with which staff and on which equipment.
– Maximize the efficiency of the operation and reduce costs.
Scheduling
• Where is it applicable?
– The situation in which the effectiveness measure (Time , distance,
cost etc.) is function of the order or sequence of performing a series of
jobs
Objectives of scheduling
• The problem of scheduling
– Discrete optimization problem
– Most of the scheduling problems are NLP
– To find good solutions needs to explore a gigantic search space.
• The scheduling deals with processes operating in
– Batch mode
– Continuous mode
Batch Scheduling
• To produce high value and low volume products.
– special chemicals
– Pharmaceutical products
– Food and certain types of polymers.
• In general batch processes are
– Multi-product facilities
– Various product share the same equipment.
Objectives of Batch Scheduling
– Proper allocation of time
– Proper allocation of resources like raw materials
– Proper allocation of infrastructure
• Reactors • Driers • Storage vessels
– Proper utilization of manpower etc.
• Hence scheduling has great impact on operation of small flexible
plants
Batch Plant
• Feed is charged in to a vessel at beginning of the process and the
vessel contents are removed sometime later.
• Batch plant consists of production units and storage tanks linked by a
network of pipelines and transfer units.
• Batch processes are usually desirable for plants having a capacity of
less than 106 lb/ yr.
• Principal feature of batch plant is production of multiple products
using the same set of equipment
Multiproduct Batch plant (flow-shop)
• Every product follows the same sequence through all the process
steps
Multipurpose Batch plant (Job-shop)
• Production orders have different routes and may even visit a given
unit several times
Gantt Chart
• Graphical representation of a schedule that helps to plan, coordinate,
and track specific tasks in a plant
Scheduling of single product batch plant
• Recipe:
1. Mix raw material A and B . Heat to 80 C and react during 4 hours to
form product C
2.Mix with solvent D for 1 hour at ambient conditions
3. Centrifuge to separate solid C for 2 hours
4. Dry in tray for product for 1 hour at 60 C
Gantt charts
Gantt Charts
Gantt Charts
Two Product Plant
Product Stage 1 Processing time Stage 2 Processing time
A 5 2
B 2 4
Transfer Policies involved in batch process
• ZW :The batch at any stage would be transferred immediately to the
next stage.
• UIS: The batch can be stored without any capacity limit in the storage
vessel.
• NIS: No intermediate storage is available in the storage vessel
Zero-Wait Batch Processes
• Zero-wait (ZW) batch operation
– products are processed without being stored
– Products are not allowed to remain in the reactor
– Eg. The intermediate product is unstable and must immediately be
processed by the next stage.
• Scheduling of the ZW batch process has high economic benefits
– High value and low volume products
• biological or pharmaceutical products etc
Transfer Policies
Transfer Policies
Transfer Policies
Scheduling of Multi Product
• Involving three products in three serial stages.
• The objective is to minimize make span, which is the completion time
of the last produced product at the last stage.
A Case study:3X3 system
Product Processing time (hrs)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
P1 10 20 5
P2 15 8 16
P3 20 7 9

The conventional scheduling would be [P1 → P2 → P3].

Conventional
Product Processing time (hrs)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

P1 10 10+20=30 30+5=35

P2 10+15=25 30+8=38 38+16=54

P3 25+20=45 45+7=52 54+9= 63

By Optimizing
Product Processing time (hrs)

Stage 1+2 Stage 2+3

P1 30 28

P2 23 24

P3 27 16
Optimizing sequence (P2→ P1→ P3)
Product Processing time (hrs)

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

P2 0-15 15-23 23-39

P1 15-25 25-45 45-50

P3 25-45 45-52 52- 61