Formation Java Oca: Saber Bhar

1
FORMATION JAVA OCA

SABER BHAR
Programming Fundamentals using Java

Java - Saber BHAR 1
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Core Java APIs
Java - Saber BHAR 2

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Arrays
 Objects in Java (but not in C/C++).
 An array is a container object that holds a fixed

number of values of a single type.
 An array is an area of memory on the heap with

space for a designated number of elements.
 Specify length when creating.

Java - Saber BHAR 3
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Arrays
Java - Saber BHAR 4

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Arrays
Example:
int array of length 5.
Declaration:
int[] array1;
Initialization:
array1 = new int[5];
Java - Saber BHAR 5

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Arrays
Length provided can be an int variable.
Example:
int x = 6;
array1 = new int[x];
Java - Saber BHAR 6

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Arrays
Two ways to declare:
int[] array1; // convention
int array1[]; // discouraged!
Java - Saber BHAR 7

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Arrays
Declare and initialize with some values:
int[] array1 = {5, 100, 200, 45};
Length = no. of elements between the braces.
 Property “length”.
 Very useful! Especially for traversing

Java - Saber BHAR 8
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Arrays
 Example: Printing out all the values of an array
 for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {

System.out.println(array1[i]);
}
Java - Saber BHAR 9

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Arrays
 Another way of traversing:
for-each loop:
 for (int i : array1) {

System.out.println(i);
}
For each element i in array1 do…
Java - Saber BHAR 10

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Arrays
 What happens here?
System.out.println(array1[array1.length]);

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Arrays
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown
 Will later look at how to handle these exceptions.
 Be careful about boundaries!

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Passing Arrays to Methods

public static void printArray(int[] array) {
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
System.out.println(array[i]);
}
}
int[] array1 = {5, 100, 200, 45};
printArray( array1 );

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Passing Arguments to Methods

 Two ways:
 Pass-by-Value:
Used for primitive types (int/char/float/etc.)
Changing value in the method does not change the
original variable
Pass-by-reference:
Used for objects (such as arrays). Changing in the
method changes the original!

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Pass-by-value
public void changeValue(float y) {
y = 3.4;
}
float y = 5.4;
changeValue(y);
System.out.println(y);
What is the output?

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Pass-by-reference
public void changeValue(float[] y) {
y[y.length - 1] = 3.4;
}
float[] y = {5.4, 10.4, 1.2};

changeValue(y);
System.out.println(y[1]);
What is the output?

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Pass-by-reference
y = {5.4, 10.4, 3.4};
After calling the method

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public void changeValue(float y) {

y = 3.4;
}
float[] y = {5.4, 10.4, 1.2};

changeValue(y[0]);
System.out.println(y[0]);
What is the output?

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Passing Arguments to Methods

 So be careful when passing objects/arrays to
methods.

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Copying arrays
 public static void arraycopy(Object src,
int srcPos,
Object dest,
int destPos,
int length)
 Provided in the System class
System.arrayCopy(…)

21
Copying arrays
Example:
char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e', 'i',
'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd'};
char[] copyTo = new char[7];
System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
System.out.println(copyTo);
What is the output?

22
Copying arrays
Output: caffein
char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e', 'i',
'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd'};

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Multi-dimensional Arrays
 Looked at 1-dimensional (1-D) arrays so far.
 Multi-dimensional arrays:
 Array of arrays!
 Used for multi-dimensional data

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 Examples:
 Storing all student info in a 2-D array
 Matrices
 Storing 3D data such as points/vertices (x, y, z)

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 Declaration (2-D arrays):
elementType[][] variableName;
 Example:
float[][] matrix;

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 Initialization:
matrix = new float[2][3];
 2 rows, 3 columns
int[][] differentSize =
{{1, 4}, {3}, {9,8,7}};

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 Declare and initialize with some values:
float[][] matrix = { {2.3, 50.1, 5.5},

{9.8, 4.0, 11.4} };
Creates 2 arrays with length 3;

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 Each row can have a different length
float[][] matrix = { {2.3, 50.1, 5.5},

{9.8, 4.0} };
 First row = length 3

 Second row = length 2

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float[][] matrix = new float[2][];
 Specifies size of the array - 2
 But not the size of the array in each row – do it

individually
matrix[0] = new float[3];

matrix[1] = new float[1];

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 Traversal:
for(int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {

for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
System.out.println(matrix[row][column]);
}
}

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 Traversal – Enhanced Loop:
int[][] twoD = new int[3][2];

for (int[] inner : twoD) {
for (int num : inner)
System.out.print(num + " ");
System.out.println();
}

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Array with Reference Variables

 You can choose any Java type to be the type of the
array.
 int is a primitive; int[] is an object.
 We can call equals() because an array is an object.
 Since Java 5, Java has provided a method that prints
an array nicely:
java.util.Arrays.toString(bugs) would print

[cricket, beetle, ladybug]
System.out.println(bugs.toString());
//[Ljava.lang.String;@160bc7c0
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 You wanted to force a bigger type into a smaller
type
3: String[] strings = { "stringValue" }; //fine
4: Object[] objects = strings; //OK
5: String[] againStrings = (String[]) objects; //OK
6: againStrings[0] = new StringBuilder(); // DOES NOT
COMPILE
7: objects[0] = new StringBuilder(); // careful!
 At line 7, at runtime, the code throws an

Exception. Why?
34

 From the point of view of the compiler, this is just
fine.
 A StringBuilder object can clearly go in an Object[].
 The problem is that we don’t actually have an
Object[].
 We have a String[] referred to from an Object[]
variable.
 At runtime, the code throws an ArrayStoreException.

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ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
numbers[10] = 3;
numbers[numbers.length] = 5;
for (int i = 0; i <= numbers.length; i++)
numbers[i] = i + 5;
 The length is always one more than the maximum

valid index.
 Finally, the for loop incorrectly uses <= instead of
<, which is also a way of referring to that 10th
element.
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Sorting
 You can pass almost any array to Arrays.sort().
 import java.util.* // import whole package
 import java.util.Arrays; // import just Arrays
String[] strings = { "10", "9", "100" };

Arrays.sort(strings);
for (String string : strings)
System.out.print(string + " ");
int[] numbers = { 6, 9, 1 };
Arrays.sort(numbers);
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)
System.out.print (numbers[i] +
Java - Saber BHAR " "); 36
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Searching
 Java also provides a convenient way to search—
but only if the array is already sorted.

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Searching
3: int[] numbers = {2,4,6,8};
4: System.out.println(Arrays.binarySearch(numbers, 2)); // 0
5: System.out.println(Arrays.binarySearch(numbers, 4)); // 1
6: System.out.println(Arrays.binarySearch(numbers, 1)); // -1
 3 isn't in the list, it would need to be inserted at element 1

to preserve the sorted order. We negate and subtract 1 for
consistency, getting –1 –1, also known as – 2.
 line 8 wants to tell us that 9 should be inserted at index 4.
We again negate and subtract 1, getting –4 –1, also known
as –5
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Working with Strings

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The String class

 Array of characters in many languages (C/C++ for
ex.)
 But: Strings are objects in Java
 Strings are widely used – so should know how to

use them.

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The String class

 Creating Strings:
String string1 = new String(“this is a string”);
String string2 = “this is a string”;

// slight difference in the 2nd one
 String from a character array:
char[] charArray = {‘s’, ‘t’, ‘r’, ‘i’, ‘n’, ‘g’};

String string3 = new String(charArray);
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The String class

 Strings are immutable – Not changeable!
 Once a String object is created, it is not allowed to

change. It cannot be made larger or smaller, one
of the characters inside it. and you cannot change
 Mutable is another word for changeable.

Immutable is the opposite - an object that can't be
changed once it's created.

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The String class

 Strings are immutable – Not changeable!
 So what happens here?:
String s = “Java”;
s = “Another String”;

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The String class

 Initially:
s Java
 Now:
s Java
Another String

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The String class

 A new object “Another String” is created
 Reference s now points to it
 No reference to “Java”, so garbage collection

cleans it up

46
String comparisons
 Interned instances of the same string
 Example:
String s1 = “Java”;
String s2 = new String(“Java”);

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String comparisons
In Memory:
s1
Java
s2
Java

48
String comparisons
In Memory:
s1
Java
s3
s2
Java

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String comparisons
 s1 == s2 is ? (different reference)

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String comparisons
 s1 == s2 is false (different reference)

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String comparisons
 s1 == s3 is ? (same reference)

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String comparisons
 s1 == s3 is true (same reference)

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String comparisons
 Don’t use “==“ for comparing objects!
 Compares references

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String comparisons

string1.equals(string2) for content comparison
 s1.equals(s2) is true

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String comparisons

string1.equals(string2) for content comparison
 s1.equals(s2) is true
 Define equals() method individually for every class –

will look at it later
 equalsIgnoreCase() will convert the characters' case
if needed before comparing.
56
The String class

 Some useful String methods:
 .length() – returns the length
 .charAt(int index) – returns char at that index
 .split(String regex) – Splits string according to a regular

expression
 indexOf() - looks at the characters in the string and finds the first
index that matches the desired value.
 trim() The trim() method removes whitespace from the beginning

and end of a String.
57
The String class

 Some useful String methods:
 substring() - looks for characters in a string. It returns
parts of the string. The first parameter is the index to start
with for the returned string. As usual, this is a zero-based
index.
 toLowerCase() and toUpperCase() After that mental
exercise, it is nice to have methods that do exactly what

they sound like!
 contains() - looks for matches in the String.
 replace() - simple search and replace.
 startsWith() and endsWith() - look at whether the
provided value matches part of the String.

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Input
public static void main(String[] args) {
...
}

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Input
...
}
String[] args = array of arguments to the

program

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Input
...
}
String[] args = array of arguments to the

program
Executing a program:
java programName arg1 arg2 arg3 ...

61
Convert from String

 Input are Strings
 Need to convert to int, double, etc...
 Use Wrapper classes to convert
 Primitives have wrapper classes:

 Integer for int, Double for double, etc.

62
Convert from String

 java programName 2 6.5 “testing java”
int firstArgument = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
double secArgument = Double.parseDouble(args[1]);
String thirdArgument = args[2]; // “testing java”

63
Varargs
 Here are three examples with a main() method
public static void main(String[] args)

public static void main(String args[])
public static void main(String... args) //
varargs
 The third example uses a syntax called varargs

(variable arguments)

64
String Concatenation
 Note the + operator can be used in two ways within the same line
of code. 3 rules :
 If both operands are numeric, + means numeric addition.
 If either operand is a String, + means concatenation.
 The expression is evaluated left to right.
System.out.println(1 + 2) //3
System.out.println(“a” + ”b”) //ab
System.out.println(“a” + ”b” + 3) //ab3
System.out.println(1 + 2 + ”c”) //3c
 Remember what + = does. s + = "2" means the same thing as s = s +
“2".
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The String Pool

 Since strings are everywhere in Java, they use up a
lot of memory. In some production applications,
they can use up 25– 40 % of the memory in the
entire program.
 Java realizes that many strings repeat in the
program and solves this issue by reusing common
ones.
 The string pool, also known as the intern pool, is a
location in the Java virtual machine (JVM) that
collects all these strings.
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The String Pool
String s2 = new String(“Java”);
 The former says to use the string pool normally.

 The second says “No, JVM. I really don't want you
to use the string pool. Please create a new object
for me even though it is less efficient.”

67
Using the StringBuilder Class

 This sequence of events continues, and after 26
iterations through the loop, a total of 27 objects
are instantiated, most of which are immediately
eligible for garbage collection.
String alpha = "";

for(char current = 'a'; current <= 'z'; current++)
alpha += current;
system.out.println(alpha);

68
Using the StringBuilder Class

 This is very inefficient. The StringBuilder class
creates a String without storing all those interim
String values. Unlike the String class, StringBuilder
is not immutable.
StringBuilder alpha = new StringBuilder();

for(char current = 'a'; current <= 'z'; current++)
alpha.append(current);
System.out.println(alpha);

69
Mutability and Chaining

 When we chained String method calls, the result
was a new String with the answer. Chaining
StringBuilder objects doesn't work this way.
Instead, the StringBuilder changes its own state
and returns a reference to itself!
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("start");

sb.append("+middle"); // sb = "start+middle"
StringBuilder same = sb.append("+end");
// "start+middle+end"

70
Mutability and Chaining

StringBuilder a = new StringBuilder("abc");
StringBuilder b = a.append("de");
b = b.append("f").append("g");
System.out.println("a=" + a);
System.out.println("b=" + b);
 Did you say both print "abcdefg"?

 Good. There's only one StringBuilder object here.

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Creating a StringBuilder
StringBuilder sb1 = new StringBuilder();
StringBuilder sb2 = new StringBuilder("animal");
StringBuilder sb3 = new StringBuilder(10);
 Size vs. Capacity

 Size is the number of characters currently in the
sequence, and capacity is the number of characters
the sequence can currently hold.
 Since a String is immutable, the size and capacity
are the same. The number of characters appearing
in the String is both the size and capacity.
72
Important StringBuilder Methods

 charAt(), indexOf(), length(), and substring()
work exactly the same as in the String class.
 append() - adds the parameter to the StringBuilder and
returns a reference to the current StringBuilder.
 StringBuilder append( String str)
 There are more than 10 method signatures.
 insert() - adds characters to the StringBuilder at the

requested index and returns a reference to the current
StringBuilder.

73
Important StringBuilder Methods

 delete() removes characters from the sequence
and returns a reference to the current
StringBuilder.
 deleteCharAt() method is convenient when you
want to delete only one character.
 reverse() reverses the characters in the

sequences and returns a reference to the current.
 toString() converts a StringBuilder into a String.
74
StringBuilder vs. StringBuffer

 StringBuilder was added to Java in Java 5.
 If you come across older code, you will see
StringBuffer used for this purpose.
 StringBuffer does the same thing but more slowly
because it is thread safe.
 In theory, you don't need to know about
StringBuffer because it is less efficient.

75
Understanding Equality
StringBuilder one = new StringBuilder();
StringBuilder two = new StringBuilder();
StringBuilder three = one.append("a");
System.out.println(one == two); // false
System.out.println(one == three); // true
String x = "Hello World";

String y = "Hello World";
System.out.println(x == y); // true

String z = " Hello World".trim();
System.out.println(x == z); // false
String y = new String("Hello World");

Java - Saber BHAR
System.out.println(x == y); // false 75
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Understanding Equality
 Remember to never use == to compare Strings.
 equals to check the values inside the String rather
than the String itself.

String z = " Hello World".trim();
System.out.println(x.equals(z)); // true
 StringBuilder did not implement equals(). If you

call equals() on two StringBuilder instances, it will
check reference equality.
77
Review Questions

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Question

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Question

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Question

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1

FORMATION JAVA OCA

Programming Fundamentals using Java

Core Java APIs

Java - Saber BHAR 2

 An array is a container object that holds a fixed

 An array is an area of memory on the heap with

 Specify length when creating.

Java - Saber BHAR 4

Java - Saber BHAR 5

Java - Saber BHAR 6

int[] array1; // convention

int array1[]; // discouraged!

Java - Saber BHAR 7

int[] array1 = {5, 100, 200, 45};

Length = no. of elements between the braces.

 Very useful! Especially for traversing

 for (int i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {

Java - Saber BHAR 9

 for (int i : array1) {

For each element i in array1 do…

Java - Saber BHAR 10

Java - Saber BHAR 11

 Will later look at how to handle these exceptions.

 Be careful about boundaries!

Java - Saber BHAR 12

Passing Arrays to Methods

int[] array1 = {5, 100, 200, 45};

Java - Saber BHAR 13

Passing Arguments to Methods

Java - Saber BHAR 14

What is the output?

Java - Saber BHAR 15

float[] y = {5.4, 10.4, 1.2};

What is the output?

Java - Saber BHAR 16

y = {5.4, 10.4, 3.4};

After calling the method

Java - Saber BHAR 17

public void changeValue(float y) {

float[] y = {5.4, 10.4, 1.2};

What is the output?

Java - Saber BHAR 18

Passing Arguments to Methods

Java - Saber BHAR 19

 Provided in the System class

Java - Saber BHAR 20

What is the output?

Java - Saber BHAR 21

Java - Saber BHAR 22

 Used for multi-dimensional data

Java - Saber BHAR 23

Java - Saber BHAR 24

Java - Saber BHAR 25

Java - Saber BHAR 26

float[][] matrix = { {2.3, 50.1, 5.5},

Creates 2 arrays with length 3;

Java - Saber BHAR 27

float[][] matrix = { {2.3, 50.1, 5.5},

 First row = length 3

Java - Saber BHAR 28

 Specifies size of the array - 2