The Essential factors that affect a hydraulic fracturing

job

Presented by:-
Rahul Anand (R080113030)
Rakesh Kumar (R080113034)
Saurabh Yadav (R080113038)
Vishnu Kant Gaurav (R080113046)
 INTRODUCTION

•Hydraulic fracturing is a process in which a fluid, proppants and additives are

pumped into tight formations like shale at high pressures creating cracks or opening
wider already existing ones enabling easier flow of hydro carbons into the well bore
and finally to the surface facilities.
Field Set up for the job

Frac Blenders
Sand storage units
Frac pumpers
Chemical Storage Trucks
Data Monitoring Truck
 Steps involved in HF job

1. An acid stage, consisting of several thousand gallons of water mixed with a dilute acid
such as hydrochloric acid. This serves to clear cement debris in the wellbore and provide
an open conduit for other frac fluids.

2. A pad stage, consisting of approximately 100,000 gallons of slick water without proppant
material: The pad stage fills the wellbore with the slick water solution , opens the
formation and helps to facilitate the flow and placement of proppant material.

3. A prop sequence stage, which may consist of water combined with proppant material :
This stage may collectively use several hundred thousand gallons of water. Proppant
material may vary from a finer particle size to a coarser particle size throughout this
sequence.

4. A flushing stage, consisting of a volume of fresh water sufficient to flush the excess
proppant from the wellbore.
 Selection criteria
• State of depletion of producing formation .
• Medium to high pressure.
• Perforating only the within indicated limits of pay zone is
recommended.
• Formation permeability
Fracture treatment optimization

• The effect of the fracture

on flow rates and recovery.
• The cost of the treatment.
• The investment guidelines
of the company that owns
and operates the well.
 HYDRAULIC FRACTURE MODELLING
•2D FRACTURE PROPAGATION MODEL
o PKN FRACTURE MODEL

o KGD FRACTURE MODEL

 2D FRACTURE PROPAGATION MODEL

PKN FRACTURE MODEL

KGD FRACTURE MODEL
3D FRACTURE PROPAGATION
MODEL

oPSEUDO THREE DIMENSIONAL

MODELS
Currently available Pseudo 3D hydraulic
fracturing simulators include: MFRAC,
StimPlan, e-StimPlan, Frac Cade
 ROCK MECHANICS
• Rock mechanics is defined as the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical
behavior of rock concerned with the response of the rock to the force fields of its
physical environment.
•Insitu stresses
oσ1 is the vertical stress
oσ2 is the minimum horizontal stress
oσ3 is the maximum horizontal stress
σ2 :-
 Injection tests

 In-situ stress tests

 Step-rate/flow back tests
 Minifracture tests
 Step-down tests
 The reasons for pressure drop

• When the pressure drop near the wellbore is caused by perforation friction, the near
wellbore pressure drop will be a function of the injection rate squared.
• If the near-wellbore pressure drop is caused by tortuosity, then the near-wellbore
pressure drop will be a function of the injection rate raised to a power of one-half .
 FRACTURING FLUIDS

• Fluids used for hydraulic fracturing purposes as a part of

simulation purpose are called fracking fluids or fracturing
fluids.
• Fluid is typically a slurry of water, proppant, and chemical
additives. Typically, 90% of the fluid is water and 9.5% is sand
with chemical additives accounting to about 0.5%.
• Types of Fracturing Fluid
o Fracturing fluids are generally classified into four types:
aqueous-based, oil, acid and foam fluids.
 FRACTURE HEIGHT GROWTH
• Fracture height growth is mainly governed by the in-situ stress differences existing
between formation layers.
• During two dimensional fracture modeling the fracture height is assumed to be
constant while the complex pseudo three dimensional models are used to calculate
fracture height by undertaking some assumptions.
• Fracture height containment greatly depends on in-situ stress differences, young‘s
modulus, fracture toughness, interface slippage among others.
 Case study -1
• A HYDRAULIC FRACTURING JOB ON THE SHOBHASAN MEHSANA
FIELD
Well Data:-
Well site - Sobhasan
Well Depth – 1871m
Annulus valve – 21/16 inch
Crown valve – 29/16 inch
Tubing size – 27/8 inch
Casing size – 51/2 inch
Perforation interval – 1856 – 1858m and 1866- 1870.5 m
 Case study -2
• INVESTIGATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNDERGROUND
WATER AQUIFER CONTAMINATION AND FRACTURE HEIGHT
GROWTH
o Aquifer contamination through the upward migration of the hydrocarbons (methane)
through the generated hydraulic fractures.
o According to various literature sources, hydraulic fracturing mainly leads to water
contamination through, poor handling and disposal of; chemicals used in the process,
produced and flow back waters; gas leaks through casing and generated hydraulic
fracture and natural fractures connectivity with the water aquifers.
THANK YOU