NEUTRALIZATION

• Neutralization” can be defined as the

treatment of industrial waste so that it is
neither too acidic nor too alkaline for safe
discharge.
 Mole
• Amount of pure substance containing the
same number of chemical units as there are
atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon 12 ( ie
6.023 X 1023)
• If a waste stream is found to be hazardous due
to corrosivity, neutralization is the primary
treatment used. It is used as a pretreatment
system before a variety of biological, chemical,
and physical treatment processes.
• It is the process of adjusting the pH of water
through the addition of an acid or a base,
depending on the target pH and process
requirements. Some processes such as boiler
operations and drinking water standards need
neutral water at a pH of 7.
• Water or wastewater is generally considered
adequately neutralized if:
• (1) its damage to metals, concrete, or other
materials is minimal
• (2) it has little effect on fish and aquatic life
• (3) it has no effect on biological matter (i.e.,
biological treatment systems)
 PARAMETERS WHICH AFFECT
NEUTRALIZATION
• pH – It is a figure expressing the acidity or
alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale
on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more
acid and higher values more alkaline. The pH is
equal to −log10 c, where c is the hydrogen ion
concentration in moles per litre
• Alkalinity-It is the capacity of water to resist
changes in pH that would make the water more
acidic.
• Acidic -It is the capacity of water to resist
changes in pH that would make the water more
Alkalinity.
• Hardness - The simple definition of water
hardness is the amount of dissolved calcium
and magnesium in the water.
• Buffers - A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer
or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous
solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and
its conjugate base, or vice versa.
• Its pH changes very little when a small amount
of strong acid or base is added to it.
• Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at
a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical
applications. In nature, there are many systems that
use buffering for pH regulation.
What is the purpose of this neutralization?

• Excessive acid or alkaline wastes should not be

discharged without treatment.
Methods of treatment include
– Mixing wastes so that the next effect is a neutral
pH
– Passing acid wastes through beds of limestone so
that it will be getting neutralized
– Mixing acid wastes with lime slurries
– Adding proper quantities of sodium hydroxide or
sodium carbonate to acid wastes so that it will be
getting neutralized.
 Reasons for using Neutralization
• To make industrial waste compatible (in terms
of pH) with municipal sewage when joint
treatment is practiced, more specifically, to
make certain that its pH does not kill or
otherwise inactivate the microorganisms that
are being used to biologically oxidize the
organic matter content
• To prevent corrosion of pipelines and equipment
leading from the industry to its ultimate
destination
• To comply with effluent standards for excessive
acid or alkaline conditions in sewers or receiving
waters.
• More specifically, to make certain that the waste
discharge pH does not kill fish or otherwise
affect other organisms in receiving waters
• Engineers size treatment tanks to allow
adequate retention of the influent for pH
measurement and subsequent reagent
addition.
• Good engineering practice for pH control
requires 15 to 30 minutes retention time.
• Retention time is calculated by dividing the
tank volume by the average influent flow rate.
 SCALING POTENTIAL
• The tendency to develop calcium carbonate
scale during the advanced treatment of
treated effluent can be approximated by
calculating the Langelier saturation index (LSI)
LSI
 LSI
• Equilibrium model device derived from the
theoretical concept of saturation and provides
an indicator of the degree of saturation of
water with respect to calcium carbonate.
The Ryznar index (RI)
• The Ryznar index is a tool that is used to
predict the likelihood of calcium carbonate
scale to form in a given sample of water.
 Solubility Product
• Equilibrium constant for a solid substance
dissolving in an aqueous solution
 Equilibrium constant
• The equilibrium constant, K, expresses the
relationship between products and reactants
of a reaction at equilibrium with respect to a
specific unit.
• Debye–Hückel theory gave accurate
predictions of mean activity coefficients for
ions in dilute solution.
 Activity Coefficient
• It is the factor used in the thermodynamics to
accounts for the deviation from ideal
behaviour in a mixture of chemical substance.
• Values of K for the carbonate system are given
in Table as a function of temperature.
Carbonate equilibrium constant
• Oxidation number, also called Oxidation
State, the total number of electrons that an
atom either gains or loses in order to form a
chemical bond with another atom
• The oxidation number of the calcium ion is
+2.
• The oxidation number of the HCO3 ion is -1.
 Saturation
• The degree or extent to which something is
dissolved or absorbed compared with the
maximum possible, usually expressed as a
percentage
 IONIC STRENGTH

I= 2.5 x 10-5 x TDS

 IONIC STRENGTH
• Ionic strength of a solution is a measure of the
concentration of dissolved chemical
constituent.