16.

360 Lecture 6

• Last lecture:
• Wave propagation on a Transmission line
• Characteristic impedance
• Standing wave and traveling wave
• Lossless transmission line
• Reflection coefficient
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Wave equations

d²V(z)/dz² - ²V(z) = 0, (10)

d² i(z)/dz² - ²i(z) = 0, (13)

+ -z - z
V(z) = V0 e + e
V 0 (14)
+ -z
+ I0 e z
-
i(z) = I0 e (15)

+
 =  + j,   0, 0, (R’ + jL’)
Z0  V+0 = (G’+j C’)
I0
 = Re (R’ + jL’) (G’+
jC’) ,
 = Im (R’ + jL’) (G’+ jC’) ,
 16.360 Lecture 6

• lossless transmission line :

 =  + j,  = 0,  =  L’C’

L’
Z0 = C’
1
 = 2/ =
 L’C’
1
Vp = / =
L’C’

L’C’ = 

1 c
Vp = =
L’C’ rr

 = L’C’ =  
 16.360 Lecture 6

• For TEM transmission line :

L’C’ = 
1 1 c
Vp = = =
L’C’  rr

 = L’C’ =  

• summary :

V(z) = V0 e -jz+ V0 e jz

+ -

+ -jz
i(z) = I0 e + I0- e jz
1 c
Vp = =
L’ L’C’ rr
Z0 = C’
 = L’C’ =  
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Voltage reflection coefficient :

A B

Vg(t) Vi Z0 VL ZL

l
z=-l z=0

V(z) = V0 e -jz+ V0 e jz

+ - -
V0 ZL - Z0
+ -  + =
V0 -jz ZL + Z0
- Z0 e jz
V0 V0
Z0 e
i(z) =

1. || 1, how to prove it?

2. If ZL = Z0, = 0. Impedance match, no reflection from the load ZL.
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Today
• Standing wave
• Input impedance

V(z) = V0 e -jz+ V0 e jz

+ - -
V0
+ - with  = +
V0 -jz V0
i(z) =
Z0 e - Z0 e jz V0

+ jz
V(z) = V0 (e -jz+ e )
+
V0 -jz
i(z) =
Z0 (e -  e jz )

jr jz
|V(z)| = |V0| | e -jz + || e
+
e |

+ 1/2
= |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Standing wave

V(z) = V0 e -jz+ V0 e jz

+ - -
V0
+ - with  = +
V0 -jz
- Z0 e jz
V0 V0
Z0 e
i(z) =

+ jz
V(z) = V0 (e -jz+ e )
+
V0 -jz
i(z) =
Z0 ( e -  e jz )

jr jz
|V(z)| = |V+0| | e -jz + || e e |

+ 1/2
= |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Standing wave

+ jz
V(z) = V0 (e -jz+ e )
+
V0 -jz
i(z) =
Z0 ( e -  e jz )

|i(z)| = |V0| /|Z0|| e -jz - || e jr e jz |

+

+ 1/2
= |V0|/|Z0| [1+ | |² - 2||cos(2z + r)]

+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]
 16.360 Lecture 6

+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]

Special cases
1. ZL= Z0,  = 0 |V(z)|
+ +
|V(z)| = |V0| |V0|

- -3/4 -/2 -/4

2. ZL= 0, short circuit,  = -1

+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [2 + 2cos(2z + )] |V(z)|
+
2|V0|

- -3/4 -/2 -/4

 16.360 Lecture 6

+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]

Special cases

3. ZL= , open circuit,  = 1

+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [2 + 2cos(2z )]

|V(z)|
+
2|V0|

- -3/4 -/2 -/4

 16.360 Lecture 6

• Voltage maximum
+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]

+
|V(z)|max = |V0| [1+ | |], when 2z + r = 2n.

–z = r/4 + n/2

n = 1, 2, 3, …, if r <0
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, …, if r >= 0
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Voltage minimum
+ 1/2
|V(z)| = |V0| [1+ | |² + 2||cos(2z + r)]

+
|V(z)|min = |V0| [1 - | |], when 2z + r = (2n+1).

–z = r/4 + n/2 + /4

Note:

voltage minimums occur /4 away from voltage maximum,

because of the 2z, the special frequency doubled.
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Voltage standing-wave ratio VSWR or SWR

|V(z)| max 1 + | |
S =
|V(z)| min 1 - | |

S = 1, when  = 0,
S = , when || = 1,
 16.360 Lecture 6

• An example Voltage probe

A B

Vg(t) Vi Z0 VL ZL

l
z=-l z=0
S = 3, Z0 = 50, lmin = 30cm, lmin = 12cm, ZL=?
Solution:
lmin = 30cm,  = 0.6m,
S = 3,  || = 0.5,
-2lmin + r = -,  r = -36º,
 , and ZL.
 16.360 Lecture 6

• Input impudence
Ii A B
Zg
Vg(t) Z0 VL
Vi ZL

l
z=-l z=0
V(z)
Zin(z) =
I(z)
+ -jz jz j2z
V0(e + e ) (1 + e )
= +
-jz jz Z0 = (1 e j2z) Z0
V0(e - e ) -
-j2l
(1 + e )
Zin(-l) =
-j2l Z0
(1 - e )
 16.360 Lecture 6

An example
A 1.05-GHz generator circuit with series impedance Zg = 10- and voltage
source given by Vg(t) = 10 sin(t +30º) is connected to a load ZL = 100 +j5-
through a 50-, 67-cm long lossless transmission line. The phase velocity is 0.7c.
Find V(z,t) and i(z,t) on the line.
Solution:
Since, Vp = ƒ,  = Vp/f = 0.7c/1.05GHz = 0.2m.
 = 2/,  = 10 .
 = (ZL-Z0)/(ZL+Z0),  = 0.45exp(j26.6º)
-j2l
(1 + e )
Zin(-l) =
-j2l Z0 = 21.9 + j17.4 
(1 - e )

+ Zin(-l)
V0[exp(-jl)+ exp(jl)] = Vg
Zin(-l) + Zg
 16.360 Lecture 6

Next lecture
• short circuit line
• open circuit line
• quarter-wave transformer
• matched transmission line