Unit 10

Transport
 Expressing contrast
However, but, nevertheless, still, whereas and yet
These words are used to emphasize the fact that the second point contradicts with
the first.

• HOWEVER: Katty couldn't cash her paycheck. However, she managed to buy a new
TV set.
• BUT: Oscar had a ticket, but he didn ́t go to the game
• NEVERTHELESS: There was little chance of success; nevertheless, they decided to
perform the surgery.
• STILL: He is rich. Still, he leads a miserable life.
• YET: Edison dropped out of school at an early age, yet he became a famous inventor.
• WHEREAS: Tom thinks we ́re ready to begin, whereas Lisa thinks we have to wait.
 However / Nevertheless / Nonetheless
 
They can be used at the beginning of a sentence, followed by a comma, to contrast with the previous
sentence / idea.
Example: I am leaving tomorrow. However, I will be back on Friday.
Example: We’re having difficulties with the project. However, we’ll finish on time.

They can also be used after a semi-colon, and followed by a comma.

Example: I am leaving tomorrow; however, I will be back on Friday.
 
They can also be used in other parts of the sentence, separated by commas.
Example: I will, however, arrive on Friday to finish unpacking.
 
They are formal.
 Whereas
 
• It means ‘in contrast to, in comparison with something else’. It is formal and
it is used to express a sharp contrast or comparison between two things.

• Example: Irish people say the boot of the car, whereas Canadians say the
trunk of the car.

• Example: Some people believe that schools are responsible for the
behaviour of their students, whereas others argue that discipline is the
responsibility of parents.
 Although, though, even if and even though

We use them to connect contrasting ideas introducing a dependent

clause. They can be used at the beginning of a sentence or in the
middle. They mean ‘in spite of the fact that’.

• ALTHOUGH :Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our vacation.

• THOUGH: Maria didn ́t receive a scholarship though she is an
excellent student.
• EVEN THOUGH: Even though the weather was bad, the ship
departed.
• EVEN IF: Even if you take a taxi, you'll still miss your train.
 Despite, in spite of
We use them to contrast ideas.
They are followed by noun phrase or a gerund (verb in ING), they are
NOT followed by a subject and a verb.
They can go at the beginning of the sentence or in the middle.

• IN SPITE OF: In spite of being a millionaire, he is very mean.

• DESPITE : Despite the doctor ´s advice, he played football last week.
Practice
Choose the correct answer

1. My sister is tall despite/whereas I ́m short.

2. Despite/Yet going on a diet, she put on five kilos.
3. Even though/Despite we are good friends, we don ́t meet very often.
4. My mother is French even though/whereas my father is Polish.
5. I invited Tom. Although/ However, he didn ́t come.
Expressing Contrast 5. I'm not going out tonight. ........, I can
see you tomorrow if you like.
1. ....... he's been really ill lately, he insists Although However
on going into work. 6. ........ the car was quite old, it was still
Even though Even if very reliable.
2. I'll never forget you, ........ I live to be Despite Although
100. 7. She went out ........ the rain
Even though Even if In spite of Although
3. We decided to go to Italy for our holiday, 8. ............she didn't like it, I enjoyed it a lot.
........ it meant we needed to get our Although However
passports renewed.
despite although 9. I was late. _____, the others were all on
time.
4. She decided to travel by plane ........ Although However
being very scared of flying.
in spite of though
 Extra practice
REWRITE THESE SENTENCES

1. I couldn’t sleep although I was tired. ( despite)

2. Although he has got an English name, he is in fact German. (despite)
3. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to walk to the village
(although)
4. I decided to accept the job although the salary was low. ( in spite of)
5. We lost the match although we were the better team.( despite)
 Join each pair of sentences. Be careful where you put the
words in brackets. ( Although, in spite of , despite)

1. Dave smokes. He seems to be in good health (although)

2. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite)
3. Max didn’t notice the sign. It was right in front of him (even
though)
4. Kate never learnt Spanish. She lived in Spain for many years
(although)
5. Joe is a millionaire .He hates spending money. (despite)
6. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, I didn’t feel hungry. (even
though)
7. Although she was tired, she went to work ( but)
8. They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad.
(despite)
9. She managed to write in spite of her injured hand ( although)
10. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean ( although)