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Abdul Waheed: PHD Scholar Department of Education Topic: Historical Research
Abdul Waheed: PHD Scholar Department of Education Topic: Historical Research
Abdul Waheed: PHD Scholar Department of Education Topic: Historical Research
• PhD Scholar
•Department of Education
•Topic: Historical Research
What is History
•What is the first thing that comes in to our mind “when”.
• We hear the word history.
• The word History is derived from a Greek word “historia” which means inquiry.
• Knowledge acquired by investigation.
• The word history originally means the search for knowledge and truth.
What is consensus history
Consensus history is a style of American historiography that emphasizes
the basic unity of American values and downplays conflict as superficial
influential and lacking in complexity.
The movement was especially influential in the 1950 and 1960.
History of Education
From the creation of Hazrat Adam (A.S)
Islamic foundation of education
Philosophical foundation of education
Psychological foundation of education
Social economic foundation of education
British education policy
Development of education in Sub Continent
Daral Aloom Daoband
Ali Garh University
Nadva Tul Ulmah Lakhnow
Jamia Milia Islamia
Development of education in Pakistan
First education conference 1947
Education commission 1959
Education policy 1972
Education policy 1978
Education policy 1992
Education policy 1998 to 2010
What is historical research.
• German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) considered to be one of
the founders of modern source-based history.
• Wiersma (1986) define historical research in this way, it is a process of
critical inquiry in to past events, in order to produce an accurate
description and interpretation of those events.
• The systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and
understand actions or events that occurred sometime in the past.
• There is no manipulation or control of variables as in experimental
research.
An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened during a certain
period of time as completely and accurately as possible.
Historical Lenses
Celebrations historians…see the brighter side of historical events
Liberal historians…focus on conflict, stress, inconsistencies
Revisionist historians…learn more by studying what has been wrong than
what has been right
Postmodernist historians…see history through the unique lenses of social
class, race, civilization, gender, age
The Purposes of Historical Research
To make people aware of what has happened in the
past in order to:
Learn from past failures and successes
Apply them to present-day problems
Make predictions
Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends
Understand present educational practices and
policies more fully.
Research questions in historical research
Who questions: Who was Martin Luther?
What questions: What really happened during the duel between
Hamilton and Burr?
When questions: When did LBJ make the decision to commit U.S.
forces in Vietnam?
Where questions: Where were the best Union forces placed at
Gettysburg?
Why questions: Why it happened and it had the influence that it
did?
Parts of most formal historical research
Identification of origin date
Evidence of localization
Recognition of authorship
Analysis of data
Identification of integrity
Research methodology
A science of studying how research is done scientifically.
A way to systematically solve the research problem by logically adopting
various steps. The study of conducting research is research methodology
Steps Involve in Historical Research
Library
Antiques
government department
educational institutes
Museum
Historical Places
Personalities
Citizens
Embassy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research
Advantages
Permits investigation of topics and questions that can be
studied in no other fashion
Can make use of more categories of evidence than most
other methods (with the exception of case studies and
ethnographic studies)
Disadvantages
Cannot control for threats to internal validity
Limitations are imposed due to the content
analysis
Researchers cannot ensure representation of
the sample
Data Analysis in Historical Research
Historical researchers use the following methods to make
sense out of large amounts of data:
◦ Theoretical model leading to a content analysis
◦ Use of patterns or themes
◦ Coding system
◦ Quantitative data to validate interpretations