THE MORAL

PHILOSoPHY
OF DEMOCRACY
HUMA
N
LIBERT
Y
 “
What is
LIBERTY?
The root of the word liberty is Latin word
“liber” which means free or independent.
The concept of liberty occupies a very
important place in civics. 

Liberty means the unrestricted freedom of

the individual to do anything he likes to
do.
Liberty is not a license to
do anything one pleases,
as this would end up in
anarchy, the very extreme
of liberty.

Restrictions are necessary

in the interest of general
welfare.
 They are imposed in the form of
laws. Law is the condition of
liberty. While laws are
restrictions to liberty, it is
imperative that, the so imposed
laws are not unjust as excessive
and stringent restrictions
hamper the intellectual and
moral growth of the individual. 
What is LIBERTY?
 Liberty means the power of doing what we ought to do.
It means freedom from arbitrary or despotic government or
control , interference, restrictions.
It is power of choosing, thinking and acting for oneself, freedom
from control or restriction.
It is the quality individual have to control their own actions.
Two Aspects
of Liberty
Negative Aspect
Positive Aspect
POSITIVE LIBERTY
 It does not consist merely in the removal of restraints. Liberty is
best realized in the enjoyment of certain positive opportunities
that are necessary for the development of personality.
Positive liberty consists in providing opportunities to the
individual where he is incapacitated due to socio-economic
conditions.
Liberty in its positive aspect means removal of those constraints
which obstruct the individual in his pursuit of happiness. Rights
are a necessary condition for liberty.
NEGATIVE LIBERTY
 It means, 'absence of restraints.’
This aspect implies that there should be no limits or control
on individual liberty.
The negative concept of liberty regaled in the hands of the
individualists.
KINDS OF LIBERTY
 KINDS OF LIBERTY
01 Natural Liberty

02 National Liberty

03 Civil Liberty

04 Political Liberty

05 Economic Liberty
Natural Liberty
The concept of natural liberty points out the
period before the organized political life and
implies the absence of all legal restraints on
human freedom of action.
Locke believed in the supremacy of natural
law that secures natural right such as life, liberty,
and property while state comes into existence for
the protection of natural rights. Locke gives
priority to these right as these are, in his opinion,
prior to state its law.
National Liberty
National liberty relates to the
independence of state from external
control and it has been closely
associated with nationalism.
• According to Laski civil liberty consists
in the liberty of an individual in action
Political
and thought in those areas of life
where the result of one’s efforts are
mainly personal in nature.
Liberty
• Participation of citizens in political
• Right to life life
• Right to education • Government is elected by the
• Right to association people
• Right to other facilities • People are indirectly participate in
political decision-making
Civil • Right to vote
• Right to criticize government

Liberty policies
Economic Liberty
•Part of civil liberty
•Right of individual regarding the
earning of their livelihood
•Economic right:
•Right to work and choice of profession
Civil Right
Civil right is right of citizens to political and social freedom
and equality. These are:
 Physical right
 Freedom of activity of mind
 Practical activity

It also includes:
 Right to life
 Right to education
 Right to association
 Right to other facilities
Economic Right
Right to work
Every citizen should have the right to work and adopt the
profession of his choice. State is under obligation to provide
equal opportunities to all .

Modern welfare state have introduce a network of labor

laws so as to protect the interests of the working classes
from the exploitation of the capitalists.  Some state
provide maximum facilities such as unemployment
insurance invader.
Economic Right
Right to property
 Right to own property is regarded as a basic
human right . Right to property include ownership
to one's belongings, movable and immovable both.
 Private property is, in fact essential for the
development if one’s moral personality.
 State should be the protector of this right and not
to invader.
EQUALITY OF all
MEN
• The united states declaration of
Independence asserts that “all
men are created equal” and
“endowed with certain unalienable
rights” including rights to life,
liberty and the pursuit to
happiness.
• Human equality as a political idea, is a
product of the Western liberal political
tradition, starting in the seventeenth
century.
Founder of this tradition;
Leviathan (1651) – the question of who is
“better” has no place in the condition of
nature, where all men are equal.
John Locke (1689) – asserted that all are
equal, born with the same faculties and
capabilities.
EQUALITY
• Originates from a French/Latin word aequalis,
aequus and aequalitas.
• It means complete and absolute equality at the
bottom most level and them equal opportunities
to develop one’s inner potentiality.
Characteristics of
Equality
• Equality does not stand for absolute equality. It accepts
the presence of some natural dissimilarities.
• Equality stands for absence of all unnatural manmade
inequalities and specially privileged classes in the
society.
• Equality assumes the grant and guarantee of equal
rights and freedoms to all the people.
• Equality infers the system of equal and adequate
opportunities for all the people in society.
• Equality means equal satisfaction of basic needs
of all the persons before the special needs', and
luxuries of some persons may be met.
• Equality supports an equitable and fair
distribution of wealth and resources i.e.
Minimum possible gap between the rich and
poor.
• Equality accepts the principle of protective
discrimination for helping the weaker sections of
society.
Equality has three Basic
elements:
• Absence of special privileges in
society.
• Presence of adequate and equal
opportunities for development of
all.
• Equal satisfaction of basic needs of
all.
Types of equality
1. Natural equality - All are to be considered to avail
all human rights and freedoms.

2. Social Equality – equal rights and opportunities for

development and obligations for all classes of people
without discrimination.

3. Civil equality – elaborated as a grant of equal rights

and freedoms to all the people and social group by
the rule of law
4. Political equality – equal opportunities for participation
of all in the political process.

5. Economic equality – does not indicate that equal

treatment or equal reward or equal wages for all. It is the
provision of equal opportunities to all so they may be able
to make their economic progress.

6. Legal equality – equality before law, equal subjection

of all the same legal code and equal opportunity for all to
secure legal protection of their freedom.
7. Equality of opportunity and education
– all citizens should be given equal
similar opportunities to education by the
state.
RELATION OF MAN AND
STATE IN DEMOCRACY
. Concerns the relation between two entities
seemingly opposed yet never separated.

 The rulers and the ruled, the individual and the

group, individual liberty and state control, freedom and
law
True democracy strikes the middle ground
between the two. It gives a solution in which,
briefly, the state as well as the individual, the rulers
and the ruled play equally important roles.
 The purpose of the existence of the state is to
preserve and defend the rights of the private
citizens
Thanks!