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Empirical AND Molecul AR Formulas: Insert Picture From First Page of Chapter
Empirical AND Molecul AR Formulas: Insert Picture From First Page of Chapter
AR
FORMULAS
COPYRIGHT MCGRAW-HILL 2009 1
Objectives
• Define empirical formula, and explain how the term
applies to ionic and molecular compounds.
• Determine an empirical formula from either a percentage
or a mass composition.
• Explain the relationship between the empirical formula
and the molecular formula of a given compound.
• Determine a molecular formula from an empirical
formula.
Empirical Formula
Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas
◦ Molecular Formula – a formula that specifies the actual number of atoms
of each element in one molecule of a compound.
◦ Empirical Formula – a formula with the smallest whole-number mole ratio
of the elements that make up a compound.
Empirical Formula
Empirical Formula
◦ May or may not be the same as the molecular formula
◦ Molecular formula is always a simple multiple of the empirical formula
◦
ex. H2O2
◦ Empirical formula is HO
◦ Molecular formula is TWO times the empirical formula
Empirical Formulas
The simplest ratio of elements in a compound
It uses the smallest possible whole number ratio of atoms present in a formula
unit of a compound
If the percent composition is known, an empirical formula can be calculated
Just remember this!!
Percents to grams
Grams to moles
Divide by smallest
Multiply ‘til whole
How to calculate an empirical formula
How to calculate:
◦ STEP 1: You will be given either masses or
percent composition.
◦ STEP 2: If you are given % composition, turn it
into grams by assuming a 100.0 g sample.
NOTE: If you are given mass, you do not need
to do this step.
◦ STEP 3: Convert the masses to the number of
moles of each element.
STEP 4: Figure out the proportion of moles of each element in the compound
by dividing each by the smallest number of moles.
STEP 5: If step 4 resulted in whole numbers, you are done! However, if there
were decimals, you will need to multiply by small, whole numbers until you
have whole numbers.
Empirical Formula: Converting Decimal Numbers to Whole
Numbers
C 3, H 6, O 2
So, the final empirical formula is C3H6O2
Steps for Determining the Empirical Formula of a
Compound
A gaseous compound containing carbon
and hydrogen was analyzed and found to
consist of 83.65% carbon by mass.
Determine the empirical formula of the
compound.
83.65% C = 83.65 g C
(100.00 – 83.65)
16.35% H = 16.35 g H
16
Steps for Determining the Empirical Formula of a
Compound
2. Determine the number of moles of each type of
atom present.
1 mol C
83.65 g C = 6.965 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol H
16.35 g H = 16.22 mol H
1.008 g H
6.965 mol C
=1
6.965 mol
16.22 mol H
= 2.33
6.965 mol
COPYRIGHT © CENGAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS
18
RESERVED
Steps for Determining the Empirical Formula of a Compound
C: 1 3 = 3
H: 2.33 3 = 7
The empirical formula is C H .
3 7
smallest
43.4% 43.4 g Na (1 mole / 23 g/mol) =1.887 moles Na
11.3% 11.3 g C (1 mole / 12 g/mol) = 0.9417 moles C
45.3% 45.3 g O (1 mole / 16 g/mol) = 2.831 moles O
1.887/0.9417 =2.00 Na
2.831/0.9417 = 3.00 O .
9417/.9417 = 1.00 C
3.692 g O 1 mol O
= 0.2308 mol O
16.00 g O
Calculating Empirical Formula
An oxide of aluminum is formed by the reaction of 4.151 g of
aluminum with 3.692 g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula.
5.475 g Cl 1 mol Cl
= 0.1544 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
CoCl2
Calculating Empirical Formula
2.000 g Fe 1 mol Fe
= 0.03581 mol Fe
55.85 g Fe
0.573 g O 1 mol O
= 0.03581 mol Fe
16.00 g
1:1
FeO
A sample of lead arsenate, an
insecticide used against the potato
beetle, contains 1.3813 g lead,
0.00672g of hydrogen, 0.4995 g of
arsenic, and 0.4267 g of oxygen.
Calculate the empirical formula for
lead arsenate.
Calculating Empirical Formula
A sample of lead arsenate, an insecticide used against the potato
beetle, contains 1.3813 g lead, 0.00672g of hydrogen, 0.4995 g of
arsenic, and 0.4267 g of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula
for lead arsenate.
1.3813 g Pb 1 mol Pb
= 0.006667 mol Pb
207.2 g Pb
0.00672 gH 1 mol H
= 0.00667 mol H
1.008 g H
0.4995 g As 1 mol As
= 0.006667 mol As
74.92 g As
0.4267g Fe 1 mol O
= 0.02667 mol O
16.00 g O
Molecular Formula
Molecular Formula – this tells us how many atoms of each type there
really are in the compound.
Can two substances have the same empirical formula but be different?
◦ YES! Benzene vs. acetylene: C6H6 vs. C2H2
◦ What is their empirical formula? How is this different from ionic
compounds?
Relating Molecular and Empirical
Formulas
A molecular formula
•is equal or a multiple of its empirical formula
•has a molar mass that is the product of the empirical
formula mass multiplied by a small integer
molar mass = a small integer
empirical mass
•is obtained by multiplying the subscripts in the empirical
formula by the same small integer
33
Calculating Molecular
Formula
STEP 1:
◦ You will be given the molar mass of the compound and the empirical formula.
STEP 2:
◦ Calculate the empirical mass (mass of the empirical formula).
STEP 3:
◦ Divide the given molar mass by the empirical mass. You should get a small whole
number.
STEP 4:
◦ Multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula with the number obtained.
Molecular Formula Example
STEP 1:
◦ The empirical formula is CH2O and the molar mass is 180.18 g.
STEP 2:
◦ The empirical mass is 12.01g + 2*1.01g + 16.00g = 30.03 g
STEP 3:
◦ 180.18 g/ 30.03 g = 6
STEP 4:
◦ CH2O becomes C6H12O6
Molecular Formula
A compound contains 24.27% C, 4.07% H, and 71.65% Cl. The molar
mass is about 99 g. What are the empirical and molecular formulas?
36
STEPSolution
1 Calculate the empirical formula mass.
24.27 g C x 1 mol C = 2.021 mol of C
12.01 g C
38
Solution (continued)
STEP 2 Divide the molar mass by the empirical formula
mass to obtain a small integer.
Molar mass = 99 g = 2
Empirical formula mass 49.48 g
42
Solution (continued)
STEP 3 Multiply the empirical formula by the small integer to
obtain the molecular formula.
43
Assignments
Succinic acid is a substance produced by lichens. Chemical analysis
indicates it is composed of 40.68% carbon, 5.08% hydrogen, and 52.24%
oxygen and has a molar mass of 118.1 g/mol. Determine the empirical
and molecular formulas for succinic acid.
Calculate Empirical Formula from
Percent Composition
Lactic acid has a molar mass of 90.08 g and has this percent
composition:
40.0% C, 6.71% H, 53.3% O
What is the empirical and molecular formula of lactic acid?
Assume a 100.0 g sample size
◦ Convert percent numbers to grams
Calculate Empirical Formula from
Percent Composition
Convert mass of each element to moles
Divide each mole quantity by the smallest number of moles
mol C 3.33
40.0 g C 3.33 mol C C: 1.00
12.0 g C 3.33
mol H 6.66
6.71 g H 6.66 mol H H: 2.00
1.008 g H 3.33
mol O 3.33
53.3 g O 3.33 mol O O: 1.00
16.00 g O 3.33
Empirical
The ratio of C to H to O is 1 to 2 to 1 formula is CH2O
Empirical formula mass = 12.01 + 2 (1.008) + 16.00 = 30.03 g/mol
Formulas
Empirical Formula
for Compounds
◦ Smallest possible set of subscript numbers
◦ Smallest whole number ratio
◦ All ionic compounds are given as empirical formulas
Molecular Formulas
The actual formulas of molecules
It shows all of the atoms present in a molecule
It may be the same as the EF or a whole- number
multiple of its EF
Molecular formula = n х Empirical formula
Determining the Molecular Formula
Molecular formula
Sample Problem 3.10
C3H6O3 is the
molecular formula
Example
• Find the molecular formula of a compound
that contains 42.56 g of palladium and 0.80 g
of hydrogen. The molar mass of the
compound is 216.8 g/mol.
Example
• Find the molecular formula of a compound
that contains 42.56 g of palladium and 0.80 g
of hydrogen. The molar mass of the
compound is 216.8 g/mol.
Step1 Convert to moles
o 42.56 g Pd x 1 mole Pd = 0.40 mol Pd
106.42 g
o 0.80 g H x 1 mole H = 0.79 mol H
1.01 g
Example Continued
Step 2: Find mole ratio:
PD: 0.40/0.40 = 1
H: 0.79/0.40 = 2