Introducing

Science
 1.1 What is Science?
• Science is the study of the world around us
through observation, experimentation and
analysis.
• There are 3 main areas of study in Science:

Physics
Chemistry Biology
 1.2 What is Technology?
• Technology is the application of scientific
knowledge for practical purposes.

But it is the use o

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 Benefits of technology
• Technology has improved our
lives in many ways. These
include:
o the invention of medicines such as
antibiotics to fight diseases;
o the development of food crops that
are pest and disease resistant;
o the invention of bicycles,
automobiles, ships and aircraft for
transportation; and
o the invention of the telephone,
computer, radio, and television for
communication and dissemination
of information.
 Abuses of technology
• Though science and technology have made our
lives better, sometimes they can cause harm to
society and the environment, especially when
misused.
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 Can technology solve all our
problems?
• Despite the many benefits of technology, it
cannot solve all our problems.

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For ex
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cannot stop natu
disasters such as
earthquakes and
n es fro m h ap p e ning.
hurrica
1.3 Life-long Skills and Attitudes
• A good scientist should have the spirit of
inquiry.
• It consists of qualities such as…

keen observation patience

open-mindedness

integrity
objectivity perseverance

creativity
1.4 Where do scientists work?
• Scientists can work anywhere, in or out of
a laboratory.
• A scientist may do field work, which is
going outdoors, away from a laboratory to
collect data.
• Doing research and carrying out
experiments this way allows scientists to
make new and exciting discoveries.
 Laboratory rules
• Throughout the lesson:
o Do not enter the science laboratory without
the teacher’s permission.
o No food or drinks are to be eaten in the
science laboratory.
o Be serious at all times in the science
laboratory. Do not play or tamper with the
equipment.
o Keep your desk clean and tidy.
 Laboratory rules
• Before you begin the experiment:
o Seek your teacher’s permission before
carrying out any experiment.
o Read all instructions carefully before each
experiment.
o Prepare all apparatus and arrange them such
that you will not knock them over while doing
the experiment.
 Laboratory rules
• During the experiment:
o If you are not sure of how to use any
equipment or how to proceed, ask your
teacher for help. Never try to second-guess
your way through an experiment.
o Never smell or taste chemicals unless your
teacher gives permission.
o Wear goggles when heating or mixing reactive
chemicals.
 Laboratory rules
• During the experiment:
o Never point your test tube at your laboratory
mates while heating liquids. Extremely hot
liquids sometimes shoot out of test tubes.
o Wipe all spills. Ask your teacher if you need to
dilute the spills if it involves chemicals, like
acids, with water before wiping.
 Laboratory rules
• After the experiment:
o Wash all apparatus after use and return to
their proper places.
o Dispose of waste materials in proper waste
bins. Never throw solids or corrosive liquids in
the sink.
o Wash your hands thoroughly before leaving
the science laboratory.
o Do no remove chemicals and apparatus from
the science laboratory.
 Hazard symbols
• Hazard symbols alert you
to chemicals that are
potentially harmful.
Toxic
Corrosive
Explosive is
Irritable
Biohazardous
Flammable
Substance
Substance
Substance
Substance
Poisonous will
Radioactive eat
will react
harmful in small
Substance catches
away
produces
substance other
violently vapours
when
of aemits
doses
fire e.g.
easily
Substance e.g.
substance
or heated
fumes
biological or e.g.
which
struck
nature
methanol,
petrol, cyanide,
kerosene,
radiation e.g.
sulphuric
irritate
e.g.some
e.g. flashacid,
the medical
eyes,
powder.
mercury,
alcohol, carbon
hydrogen
radioactive carbon,
potassium
nose
waste, and throat e.g.
monoxide,
uranium chlorine
hydroxide,
phenol, calcium
chloroform
microorganism,
oxideor toxin
virus
 Apparatus and equipment
• Each type of apparatus or equipment has
a particular function in the science
laboratory.
• Glassware allows us to make clear
observations and follow the changes that
take place.
• Equipment allows us to make accurate
measurements to test the hypothesis.
 Apparatus and equipment
• Bunsen burner
• For raising a flame above
the table surface high
enough for heating
 Apparatus and equipment
• Retort stand
• For supporting apparatus
during experiments
 Apparatus and equipment
• Tripod stand
• For supporting
apparatus during
heating
 Apparatus and equipment
• Test tube
• For containing small
amounts of chemicals for
heating
• For mixing
solutions/liquids
 Apparatus and equipment
• Round-bottomed flask
• For mixing and heating
chemicals to produce a
gas when heating is
required
 Apparatus and equipment
• Filter funnel
• For transferring
liquid into
containers with a
small opening
• For separating
solids from liquids
by the use of filter
paper
 Apparatus and equipment
• Boiling tube
• For containing chemicals
• For collecting and holding
liquids
 Apparatus and equipment
• Beaker
• For containing chemicals
• For collecting and
holding liquids
 Apparatus and equipment
• Conical flask
• For containing and
mixing chemicals and
liquids to produce a
gas when heating is
not required
 Apparatus and equipment
• Gas jar
• For collecting gas
 Apparatus and equipment
• Bell jar
• To separate the set-up
for an experiment from
the surroundings
 Apparatus and equipment
• Evaporating dish
• To evaporate the
liquid in a solution
over a Bunsen
burner
 1.5 The Scientific Method
• Step 1: Make observations
• Step 2: Analyse, infer and predict
• Step 3: Plan experiments to test your hypothesis
• Step 4: Record and analyse your results
• Step 5: Discuss with others
• Step 6: Summarise your results and draw
conclusions
• Step 7: Communicate your findings with others
 Variables
• When we test a hypothesis, the things that
have an effect on the experiment are
called variables.
o Independent variable: the variable you
change
o Dependent variable: is dependent on the
independent variable; what you will observe
o Controlled variable: variable that does not
change
 Variables
• An experiment:
1. Take two graduated cylinders
with exactly the same
amount of water in them and
place them side by side.
2. Put the plant in one of the
graduated cylinders.
3. Every hour, take the readings
of the water level of the
cylinder with the plant in it.
 Variables
• Variables for the experiment:
o Independent variable: the variable that we choose
(time, every hour)
o Dependent variable: dependent on the independent
variable (the volume of water taken in by the plant)
o Controlled variables: would affect both experiments
exactly (temperature, pressure, humidity and rate of
evaporation)
• Control:
o the other cylinder (another experiment which is exactly
like the first except that it does not contain a plant)
 Variables
• We compare the two water levels every hour.
The difference in levels would be the volume of
water taken in by the plant.
• When plotting the
variables on the graph:
o Independent variable is on
the horizontal axis
o Dependent variable on the
vertical axis
 Miscellaneous
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science
• http://www.futureforall.org/
• http://www.ksu.edu/biology/pob/modern_at
titudes.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_lab
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_meth
od