BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

FROM
WASTE FRYING OIL
AND DETERMINATION OF ITS
COLD FLOW PROPERTIES

Ali Evcil a, Filiz Al-Shanableh b, Cemal Gövsa a, Mahmut A. Savaş c

a Mechanical Engineering Department, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC

b Engineering Faculty, Chemistry Service Department, Near East University, Nicosia, TRNC

c Mechanical Engineering Department, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, İstanbul, TURKEY

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 1

 BIODIESEL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Biodiesel is a fuel made up of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, i.e. non-petroleum based fuel.

1892 Rudolf Diesel’s engine working with

peanut oil (high viscosity)
1940 Huge reservoirs of petroleum
discovered (low viscosity fuels)
1970 - Low viscosity biodiesel production
by transesterification

Recently :
 Petroleum reserves are running out
 Increasing green house effect is causing
climate changes
 Alternative energy sources are required
 Biodiesel is an alternative source
 Biofuels cover only 1% of world’s fuel
production

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 2

SOME ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 Biodieselfunctions in the engine the same as petroleum diesel

 Lower but reliable engine performance
 Renewable fuel
 Biodegradable
 Lower exhaust emission
 CO released can be recycled minimizing green house effect
2
 Higher flash point (less volatile - safer)
 Lower heating value but higher cetane number
 Reduces petroleum import
 Provides lubrication during usage
 Low supply
 Limited usage in cold weather

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 3

 MAIN RAW MATERIALS
Rapeseed Sunflower

Cotton
Canola Jojoba Jatropha
Camelina

Coconut WASTE FRYING OIL (WFO) Algea

Animal Fat

Soybean

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 4

 WFO in NORTH CYPRUS

Disposal
 Through sinks and drains 800
 Collection and dumping 700
into waste disposal areas
600
 Direct disposal to nature

WFO (lt / week)

500

Usage 400
 Non-standard biodiesel 300
production
200
 Uncontrolled direct energy
source 100

 Can not be used as raw 0

material for animal food University Restaurant Hotel Fast Food Kebab
(Banned by EU and TR) House

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 5

 DIKMEN Waste Disposal Area

Near East University

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 6

 THE AIM AND EXPECTATIONS
 SHORT TERM AIM
To determine the utilization of WFO based biodiesel usage in N. Cyprus
according to climatic conditions

 LONG TERM AIM

To set biodiesel production in N. Cyprus in accordance with standards
assuring quality and to expand the production using biodiesel plants

 EXPECTATIONS
High utilization expected due to warm climatic weather conditions
Economical benefits Environmental benefits
• Employment in the industry • Stop WFA disposal
• Employment in the agriculture
• More plants
• Reduction in petroleum import
• Reduction in Green House Effect
• Biodiesel export

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 7

FLOW CHART OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
AND TESTING
Collection Water FFA Trans-
Filtration
of WFO Removal Content esterification

Cold Flow Crude

Biodiesel Purification Separation
Properties Biodiesel

Crude
Glycerol

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 8

 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

BASE CATALYSED TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 9

 THREE IMPORTANT COLD WEATHER
PARAMETERS THAT DEFINE OPERABILITY
FOR DIESEL AND BIODIESEL FUELS
Cloud Point (CP)
Temperature where crystals first appear

Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP)

The lowest operating temperature in which
a vehicle will operate

Pour Point (PP)

Lowest temperature where fuel is observed
to flow

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 10

 UNDERSTANDING THE COLD FLOW
MECHANISM
Visible crystals
CLOUD POINT

Nuclei

Crystals grow and begin to

Large crystals adhere, trapping adhere to one another
liquid. Pockets are formed similar to COLD FILTER
a honey comb. Fuel gelled.
PLUGGING POINT
POUR POINT

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 11

 COLD FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
OF
BIODIESEL PRODUCED

Test Methods Cold Flow Properties (oC)

Biodiesel
Property EN 14214 Biodiesel Diesel 2
ASTM D6751
EN 14213 Produced Fuel

CP ISO 3015 ASTM D2500 15 -16

CFPP EN 116 ASTM D6371 13 -18

PP ISO 3016 ASTM D97 11 -27

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 12

 CP AND PP SET-UP
CP

PP

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 13

 CFPP SET-UP

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 14

FILTER USED FOR CFPP MEASUREMENTS

Nominal aperture size: 160 μm

Nominal wire diameter: 80 μm

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 15

 EURODIESEL - BIODISEL BLENDS

EURODIESEL BIODIESEL
(EN 590) PRODUCED

Blends: 0 - 100 % commercial diesel content

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 16

 COLD FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF
BIODIESEL - EURODIESEL BLENDS
15
X  70 %
10 CP  a  b X  c X 2
CP d X 3 e X 4 f X 5
Temperature (ºC)

CFPP X  70 %
0
c
CP  a  b X  2
-5
PP
X
-10 CFPP  a  b X  c X 2

-15 PP  a  b X  c X 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Commercial Diesel Content (%)

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 17

 CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR
BIODIESEL - EURODIESEL BLENDS
a b X c X 2d X 3 e X 4 f X 5 X  70 %
CP  c
abX  2 X  70 %
X
CFPP  a  b X  c X 2 PP  a  b X  c X 2
Constants
Cold Comm.
Std.
Flow Diesel R2
Error
Prop. Cont. (X) a b c d e f

≤ 70 % 14.99903 -0.21131 0.01575 -5.34E-04 8.43E-06 -5.04E-08 0.02546 0.99993

CP
≥ 70 % -66.01611 0.39324 247288 -- -- -- 0.13264 0.99992

CFPP 0 -100 % 12.17001 -0.06413 -0.00095 -- -- -- 0.94358 0.98902

PP 0 -100 % 10.71362 -0.28405 0.00048 -- -- -- 1.38032 0.98894

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 18

 UTILIZATION OF BIODIESEL
IN NORTH CYPRUS
PURE BIODIESEL BIODIESEL – DIESEL BLENDS
25

20
Ave. Min. Temp. (ºC)

15

10

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
Months

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 19

 CONCLUSIONS

 Average conversion: 96% of WFO

 Cost: 1.67 €/lt (~ 0.6 €/lt in mass production)
 Poor cold flow properties
 Pure biodiesel can be used from May to October
 Blends can be used for winter season
 Search on Soybean and Canola oil is in progress
 Jojoba can be a potential industrial oil plant in N. Cyprus

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 20

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 THANK YOU
21
 STAGES FROM WFO TO BIODIESEL

November 5th, 2010 ICAT'10 22