GROUP 5

Earth science is the name for the

group of sciences that deals with
Earth and its neighbors in space.
It contains branches: Geology,
Oceanography, Astronomy
Climatology and Meteorology
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
The universe is believed to have
originated about 15 years ago as
a dense, hot globule of gas
expanding rapidly outward.
 Galaxies
Galaxies
represents
separate
assemble of
star.
Does the Sun moved around the Milky Way?
-YES! The sun- in fact, our whole solar system – orbits
around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. We are
moving at an average velocity of 282,000 km/hr.
The Orion Nebula or Orion star birth.
 According to the standard
BIG BANG model, the
universe was born during a
period of inflation that began
about about 13.7 billion
years ago.(Like a rapidly
expanding balloon, it swelled
from a smaller than an
electron to nearly its current
size within a tiny fraction of
a second.
Some facts about Milky
Way
• The sun is not the center of the
Milky Way but is about three fourths
of the galactic center to the edge.
• The Milky Way is the thickest at its
center about 15,000 light year and
thinner by about 5,000 light year.
The Big Bang Theory is the leading
explanation about how universe
Began. It says the universe as we
know it started with a small
singularity, then inflated over the
next 13.8 billion years to the
cosmos that we know today.
How Did the Big Bang
Start?
The Universe began as a very hot, small,
and dense superforce (the mix of the
four fundamental forces), with no stars,
atoms, form, or structure. Then about
13.8 billion years ago, space expanded
very quickly (thus name Big Bang)
What is the Basic Idea of
Big Bang Theory?
The Big Bang is the name that
scientists use for the most common
theory of the universe, From the very
early stages to the present day
 Who Discovered the
Big Bang Theory?
In 1927, Georges Lemaitre the Belgian Catholic
Priest proposed an expanding model for the
universe to explain the observed redshifts of
spiral nebulae, and calculated the Hubble law. He
based his Theory on the work of Einstein and De
Sitter, and independently derived Friedmann’s
equations for an expanding universe.
Georges Lemaitre
 Edwin Hubble Connection
to Big Bang:
In 1929, from analysis of galactic
redshifts, Edwin Hubble concluded that
galaxies are drifting apart; this is
important observational evidence
consistent with the hypothesis of an Big
Bang.
Edwin Hubble
 How does Hubble’s law
support the Big Bang?
Hubble’s law is considered the first
observational basis for the expansion of the
universe and today serves as one of the pieces
of evidence most often cited in support of the
Big Bang model. The motion of astronomical
objects due solely to this expansion is known as
the Hubble flow.
 Alexander Friedmann
connection to Big Bang
Alexander Friedmann was a Russian
cosmologist and mathematician, who
helped develop models that explained the
development of the universe. In particular,
his solutions to Einstein’s field equations
provided early evidence of an expanding
universe, and the theoretical
underpinnings for both the Big Bang and
Alexander Friedmann
 What is the evidence for the
Big Bang Theory
The earliest and most direct observational
evidence of the validity of the theory are the
expansion of the universe according to
Hubble’s law (as indicated by the redshifts of
galaxies), discovery and measurement of the
cosmic microwave background and the
relative abundances of light elements produce
by Big Bang.
STEADY STATE THEORY
 What is Steady State
Theory?
• A view that the universe  is always expanding but
maintaining a constant average density,
with matter being continuously created to form
new stars and galaxies at the same rate that old ones
become unobservable as a consequence of their
increasing distance and velocity of recession. A
steady-state universe has no beginning or end in
time, and from any point within it the view on the
grand scale is the same.
• Proposed as an alternative to the Big Bang Theory.
History (Steady State Theory)
Steady State Theory was first proposed by Sir James Jeans
(1920) and again revised from in by Sir Hermann Bondi and
Thomas Gold (1948).
In the 13th century, Siger of Brabant authored the thesis The
Eternity of the World, which argued that there was no first man,
and no first specimen of any particular: the physical universe is
thus without any first beginning, and therefore eternal. Siger's
views were condemned by the Pope in 1277.
Cosmological expansion was originally discovered through
observations by Edwin Hubble. Theoretical calculations also
showed that the static universe as modeled by Einstein (1917)
was unstable and contradicted general relativity.
Fred Hoyle
Hermann Bondi
He is best known for
developing the Steady
State theory of the
universe with Fred
Hoyle and Thomas
Gold as an alternative
to the Big Bang theory.
He contributed to the He was born on November 1 1919 and
died on September 10 2005.
theory of general He was an  Anglo-
Austrian mathematician and cosmologist
relativity.
 Thomas Gold
Gold was one of three
young Cambridge scientists
who in 1948 proposed the
now mostly abandoned
'steady state' hypothesis of
the universe.Gold's work
crossed academic and
scientific boundaries, into
biophysics, astronomy, He was born on May 22, 1920 and died
on June 22, 2004.
aerospace engineering, and He was an Austrian-born astrophysicist, a
geophysics. professor of astronomy 
Multiverse
The multiverse, also known as an
omniverse or meta-universe, is a
hypothetical group of multiple
universes. Together, these universes
comprise everything that exists :the
entirety of space, time, matter,
energy, and the physical laws and
constants that describe them.
Space
Energy
Time
Matter
Cold Spot was caused by a collision
between our universe and another
bubble universe.” the Cold Spot
might turn out to be the first
evidence for the multiverse, though
far more evidence would be needed
to confirm our universe is indeed
one of many.
 Multiple universes have been hypothesized in
cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion,
philosophy, transpersonal psychology, and
literature, particularly in science fiction and
fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are
also called "alternate universes", "quantum
universes", "interpenetrating dimensions",
"parallel universes", "parallel dimensions",
"parallel worlds", "parallel realities", "quantum
realities", "alternate realities", "alternate
timelines", "alternate dimensions" and
The physics community has debated the various multiverse theories
overtime. Prominent physicists are divided about whether any other
universes exist outside of our own. Some physicists say the
multiverses not a legitimate topic of scientific inquiry. Concerns
have been raised about whether attempts to exempt the multiverse
from experimental verification could erode public confidence in
science and ultimately damage the study of fundamental physics.
Some have argued that the multiverse is a philosophical notion
rather than a scientific hypothesis because it cannot be empirically
falsified. The ability to disprove a theory by means of scientific
experiment has always been part of the accepted scientific method.
Paul Steinhardt has famously argued that no experiment can rule
out a theory if the theory provides for all possible outcomes. In
2007, Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg suggested that if the
multiverse existed, "the hope of finding a rational explanation for
the precise values of quark masses and other constants of the
standard model that we observe in our Big Bang is doomed, for
 What makes multiverse
different?
What makes multiverse different is that it is
the only theory that suggests of a possibility
that there could be alternate timelines and
multiple universes, unlike other theories
which focus only on one universe and on
how the universe was created.
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE
THEORY
• The Oscillating Universe Theory is a
cosmological model that combines
both the Big Bang and the Big Crunch
as part of a cyclical event. That is, if
this theory holds true, then the
Universe in which we live in exists
between a Big Bang and a Big Crunch.
• Our universe can be the first of a
possible series of universes or it can be
the nth universe in the series.
• As we know, in the Big Bang
Theory, the Universe is believed to
be expanding from a very hot, very
dense, and very small entity. In fact,
if we extrapolate back to the moment
of the Big Bang, we are able to reach
a point of singularity characterized
by infinitely high energy and density,
as well as zero volume.
• This description would only mean one thing –
all the laws of physics will be thrown out of the
window. This is understandably unacceptable to
physicists. To make matters worse, some
cosmologists even believe that the Universe will
eventually reach a maximum point of expansion
and that once this happens, it will then collapse
into itself.
• This will essentially lead to the same conditions
as when we extrapolate back to the moment of
the Big Bang. To remedy this dilemma, some
scientists are proposing that perhaps the
Universe will not reach the point of singularity
after all.
• Instead, because of repulsive forces brought about by
quantum effects of gravity, the Universe will bounce
back to an expanding one. An expansion (Big Bang)
following a collapse (Big Crunch) such as this is aptly
called a Big Bounce. The bounce marks the end of the
previous universe and the beginning of the next.
• The probability of a Big Bounce, or even a Big
Crunch for that matter, is however becoming
negligible. The most recent measurements of the
CMBR or cosmic microwave background radiation
shows that the Universe will continue on expanding
and will most likely end in what is known as a Big
Freeze or Heat Death.
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The Sun and the planets formed together, 4.6 billion
years ago, from a cloud of gas and dust called the
solar nebula. A shock wave from a nearby
supernova explosion (when a high mass star uses up
its fuel) probably initiated the collapse of the solar
nebula. The Sun formed in the center, and the
planets formed in a thin disk orbiting around it.
In a similar manner, moons formed orbiting the gas
giant planets. Comets (balls of ice and dust)
condensed in the outer solar system, and many of
them were thrown out to great distances by close
gravitational encounters with the giant planets.
After the Sun ignited, a strong solar wind cleared
the system of gas and dust. The asteroids (small
rocky or metallic bodies) represent the rocky debris
that remained.
 Nebular Hypothesis
According to Immanuel Kant, the Solar
System developed with observed
regularities in its motion. It is the
beginning as a rotating gas cloud and
most of the mass became concentrated
at the center from the sun. It is the
present Solar System where the earth is
the third planet from the sun.
 Protoplanet Hypothesis
according to Gerald Kouper, the
original nebula was so massive that
on further contraction and
flattening, it broke into separate
clouds and protoplanets. It has been
surmised that the majority of yellow
stars, like the sun, may possess
system of planets.
 The Solar System is the gravitationally
bound planetary system of the Sun and
the objects that orbit it. Our solar
system consists of our star, the Sun, and
everything bound to it by gravity — the
planets, dwarf planets, dozens of moons
and millions of asteroids, comets and
meteoroids.
 Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest and
innermost
planet in the
Solar System.
 Venus
Venus is the
second planet
from the Sun,
orbiting it
every 224.7
Earth days.
 EARTH
Earth is the third
planet from the
sun in our solar
system. Its name
comes from the the
old English and
Germanic words
meaning ‘the
ground’.
 Mars
Mars is the fourth
planet from the Sun
and the second-
smallest planet in
the Solar System
after Mercury.
 Jupiter
Jupiter is the
fifth planet
from the Sun
and the largest
in the Solar
System.
 Saturn
Saturn is the sixth
planet from the Sun
and the second-
largest in the Solar
System, after
Jupiter.
 Uranus
Uranus is the
seventh
planet from
the Sun.
Neptune
Neptune is the
eighth and
farthest known
planet from the
Sun in the
Solar System.
 Pluto
Pluto is a dwarf
planet in the Kuiper
belt, a ring of bodies
beyond Neptune.
What is a Dwarf Planet?
A “dwarf planet,” as defined by the IAU, is a celestial
body in direct orbit of the Sun that is massive enough that
its shape is controlled by gravitational forces rather than
mechanical forces (and is thus ellipsoid in shape), but has
not cleared its neighboring region of other objects.

The three criteria of the IAU for a full-sized planet are:

• It is in orbit around the Sun.
• It has sufficient mass to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a
nearly round shape).
• It has "cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit
Origin of the
Earth
Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to
have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a
solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from
the creation of the Sun. For perhaps 500 million
years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and
relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
As millions of years passed, energy
released by radioactive decay—
mostly of uranium, thorium, and
potassium—gradually heated
Earth, melting some of its
constituents.
 The iron melted before the
silicates, and, being heavier, sank
toward the center. This forced up
the silicates that it found there.
After many years, the iron reached
the center, almost 4,000 mi deep,
and began to accumulate
. No eyes were around at that time
to view the turmoil that must have
taken place on the face of Earth—
gigantic heaves and bubblings on
the surface, exploding volcanoes,
and flowing lava covering
everything in sight.