English

Lucturer : Saddam S. Hmood

 Simple Present Tense
 We use this tense for repeated action or

habits or routines as in : John usually go to

college at 8:00.
 We use this tense to tell facts , especially

scientific facts as in : The sun rises from the

east .
 We also use this tense when we talk about

repeated actions as in :
 John goes to the college everyday .
 We use the past simple tense for the action ,
that has started and finished in the past.
 Lived, started, wrote , was, died are all past

simple.
 Very often the past simple ends in –ed

( these are called regular verbs ) . This can be

exemplified in the following example :
 The police stopped me on my way home last

night .
 Many verbs are irregular such as: write/wrote.
 In question and negative , we use did/didn’t
+infinitive ( such as: work, see , etc. ) . This can
be explained in the following example :
 A: Did you go out last night?
 B: Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didn’t enjoy
the film much.
 Note
 We do not use did in negatives and questions
with was/were as in :
 They weren't able to come because they were so
busy.
 Was the weather good when they were late?
 The form of the past continuous tense is subject +
was/were +ing . 
 In the past continuous tense, the action has already

started before this time , but had not finished. This

can be clarified in the following example :
 This time last year I was living in Brazil .
 We often use the past simple and the past continuous

together to say that something happened in the middle

of something else :
 Jane phoned while we were having dinner.


 Note
 Some verbs ( Know, want ) are not normally

used in the continuous as in :

 We were good friends . We knew each other

well .
Present Perfect Tense
The present perfect simple is have/has +past
participle .
Uses of the Present Perfect Tense
 When we say that “something has happened “. This is
usually new information as in :
 Ow! I’ve cut my finger .
 We also use the present perfect, when there is a
connection with now . The action in the past has a
result now. This can be explained in the following
example :
 I can’t find my bag . Have you seen it ? ( = Do you
know where it is now ? )
 We use the present perfect with adverbs such as just,
already and yet.
 Hello. Have you just arrived?
 Stress can be defined as the puff of air by which
the syllable is uttered . Stressed syllables are
longer, louder than the other words and syllables
. They also have a higher pitch or sound . 
 Words that are usually stressed : nouns and

proper nouns( names), main verbs, adjectives,

adverbs, question words, demonstratives ( this,
that )
 Words that are usually stressed : pronouns, the

verbs be, and have , auxiliary verbs , articles ,

preposions .
 Now, let’s take example to show stressed
words:
 A: WHERE are you FROM ?
 B: I’m from CHIna. HOW about YOU ?
 A: Costa Rica.
 These sentences above show the rhythm of

English sentences. The words and syllables in

CAPITAL letters are STRESSED since they are
longer, and louder than the other words and
syllables
 What is meant by a noun ?
 A noun refers to a person, place, object, or idea. On the

other hand, a verb refers to an action. Some words are

both nouns and verbs as in : This job is a match for you .
( noun ), My skill and interests match my career. ( verb)
 Writing Skill
 Writing a main idea and supporting sentences
 A main idea is the big idea . For example:
 My working is interesting.
 Supporting sentences give more information
about the main idea for example :
 I meet new people .
 I learn about new products
 Supporting sentences give details about the

main idea.
THANK YOU