Dhaka University of Engineering Technology, Gazipur-

1707

PRESENTATION ON
COLUMN
SUBJECT:
DESIGN OF STRUCTURE – I (SESSIONAL)
SUBJECT CODE: CE-2106
 Column is a vertical structural member. It transmits the load
from ceiling/roof slab and beam, including its self-weight to the
foundation. Columns may be subjected to a pure compressive
DEFINITIONS load. R.C.C. columns are the most widely used now-a-days.
OF COLUMN
What is column?

Figure 1.1: Tied column & Spiral column Figure 1.2: Different views of column
 Columns carry primary Axial Loads and therefore are designed
for compression.

Additional loads from snow, wind or other horizontal forces

can cause bending in the columns.
FUNCTIONS
Columns then need to be designed for Axial Load and
OF COLUMN Bending
CLASSIFICATIONS Classification on the basis of Shape
OF COLUMN
Square Rectangular Circular L-section T-section
CLASSIFICATIONS Classification on the basis of Reinforcement
OF COLUMN
Tied Spiral Composite Combination Steel Pipe
 Classification on the basis of Load

CLASSIFICATIONS Concentrically Eccentrically

OF COLUMN Loaded Loaded

Concentrically Loaded Column : When

the resultant of the load coincides with
the centroid of the cross section, the
column is said to be concentrically
loaded column

Eccentrically Loaded Column

When the resultant of the load does
not coincide with the centroid of the
cross section, the column is said to be
eccentrically loaded columns
 Classification on the basis of Slenderness Ratio

Long When the ratio of effective length to the

Column least radius of gyration is greater than
CLASSIFICATIONS 45, then it is called a long column.

OF COLUMN Hence, long Column = Le / r(min)> 50

Short
Column
When the ratio of effective length to the least
lateral dimensions of the column is less than
12, then it is called a short column.

Again when the ratio of effective length to the

least radius of gyration is less than 45, then it
Where, Le = effective length of column, is called a short column.
r(min) = Minimum radius of gyration
Short Column, Le /r (min) < 15
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
LONG COLUMN & SHORT COLUMN

Short Column Long Column

• Length/Least Dimension < 12 • Length/Least Dimension > 12

• Fails by crushing
• Slenderness ratio < 45
• Subjected to compressive stress
• Radius of gyration is more
• More load capacity
• Fails by Buckling
• Slenderness ratio > 45
• Subjected to Buckling stress
• Radius of gyration is less
• Less load capacity
 According to BNBC - 8.3.5.1
The shortest cross sectional dimension should not
be less than 12 inch or 300 mm and the ratio of
height and breadth (h/b) should be less than or equal
SIZE OF to 2.5 for rectangular columns.
COLUMN

What can be the size of

Rectangular
a column? Column

Circular
Column
 1. Longitudinal Reinforcements
2. Transverse Reinforcements
Longitudinal :
TYPE OF The main reinforcement in columns is longitudinal,
parallel to the direction of the load and consists of bars
REINFORCEMENTS arranged in a square, rectangular or circular shape.
ON COLUMN Transverse :
Transverse reinforcements are given in order to maintain
What kind of the position of longitudinal reinforcement and also to
Reinforcements can prevent their bucking which may cause splitting of
be used in a column concrete, it also assist confining the concrete.

Figure : Longitudinal and transverse Figure : Longitudinal and transverse

reinforcements for tied column reinforcements for spiral column
CONSIDERATION INVOLVED IN USING REINFORCEMENTS ?
LETS CHECK !!
AXIAL LOADS
LATERAL LOADS
STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS
1. The limiting steel ratio ranges According to ACI Code 10.9.1 and BNBC
between 1 % to 8 %. 6.3.6.1 for tied column, Longitudinal Steel
2. Reinforcing steel strength is ( Ast ) requires
between 400 MPa to 500 MPa. Pg = Ast / Ag
According to ACI Eqn. Code 10-6 and BNBC 6.3.6.4 for Where,

Spiral column, Longitudinal Steel ( Ast ) requires 0.01 <= Pg <= 0.08 (BNBC - 0.06)
Ps = 0.45 x (Ag/Ac - 1) x (f'c/fy)

Where
Asp = Cross sectional area of spiral reinforcement
Ac = Core area
Dc = Core diameter
S = Spacing Pitch of spiral steel
fy = yield strengh of spiral steel
Figure: Reinforcement in column
 Longitudinal Reinforcement
Minimum No. of longitudinal Bars
According to BNBC (6.3.6.3), ACI Code 10.9.2
REINFORCEMENT
REQUIREMENT 1. Min. of 6 bars in circular
OF COLUMN arrangement enclosed by
spiral reinforcement.
What are the minimum
requirement of
REINFORCEMENT in 2. Min. of 4 bars in rectangular
column? or circular arrangement
enclosed by ties reinforcement.

3. Min. of 3 bars in triangular

arrangement of ties
 Transverse Reinforcement
Reinforcement Requirements
(Ties):
REINFORCEMENT #3 bar, if longitudinal bar ≤ # 10
REQUIREMENT (32mm) bar
OF COLUMN #4 bars in case of tied rectangular or
What are the minimum circular column ≥ # 11 (36 mm) bar
requirement of
REINFORCEMENT in #4 bar, if longitudinal bars are
column? bundled

Reinforcement Requirements
(Spirals ):

Less than 3/8″(10 mm) dia.

 Spacing of Reinforcements
Maximum spacing for Ties : According to ACI 7.10.5.2

REINFORCEMENT Least of:

REQUIREMENT (16)×diameter of long bars
OF COLUMN
(48)×diameter of ties
What are the minimum
requirement of least dimension of column
REINFORCEMENT in
column?

Maximum spacing for spirals : According to (ACI 7.10.4.3)

Pitch distance will be maintain within 25mm to 75mm.

 COVERING OF COLUMN

Covering for column should be maintain according

to ACI or BNBC code.
According to the climate of Bangladesh the covering is-
Covering below earth:
(Cast against earth): 3 in of 75mm.
(With Shuttering): 2.5 in or 50mm.
Covering between longitudinal bars inside the column:
Larger of 1.5 bar diameter or 1.33 times of coarse
aggregate or 25 mm (1 inch)
FAILURE MODES OF COLUMN

Column may fail in one of three condition:

1. Compression failure of concrete or steel reinforcement.

2. Buckling.
3. Combination of buckling and compression failure.

Compression failure is likely to occur with columns which are

short and stocky. Buckling is probable with column which are
long and slender.

Compression Buckling
Failure
FAILURE MODES OF COLUMN

Short Columns – Fails by crushing

fc = Actual compressive stress
A = Cross-sectional area of column (in2)
P = Load on the column
Fc = Allowable compressive stress per codes

Intermediate Columns – Fail by crushing and buckling

Long Columns – Fails by buckling
E = Modulus of elasticity of the column
material
K = Stiffness (curvature mode) factor
r = radius of gyration = (I/A)1/2
L = Column length between pinned ends (in.)
FAILURE DUE TO CRUSHING
FAILURE DUE TO BUCKLING
 REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

Here in picture we can see long columns in Here in picture we can see columns for Bridge &
front of building in “The White house” Flyovers. In this type of structure transfers all of their
Washington D.C. (USA). loads to column as it a major part of the structure.