Perspective Projection

Perspective Projection is a geometric

technique used to produce a three-
dimensional graphic image on a plane,
corresponding to what a person actually
sees.
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
One point Perspective
Two point Perspective
Auxiliary vanishing points
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
Parallel lines appear to converge as they recede from the spectator.
Equal distances appear to get shorter.
Objects of the same size seem to diminish in size as they recede.
Vanishing point
 Perspective Projection
Vanishing Point

Vanishing Point

Horizon Line
The height of the horizon line always corresponds to the
height of the spectator’s eye
 Terminology

Ground Plane: The plane on which the spectator is standing. The plan of the
object to be drawn lies on it - the object itself may also rest on it
Picture Plane: The transparent plane perpendicular to the ground plane
Ground Line: The line of intersection between the picture plane and the ground
plane
Spectator: The person observing the object (or objects)
Cone of Vision
blind to
right eye
distorted

30° angle 60° angle

cone of vision

distorted
blind to
left eye
 Cone of Vision
A 60° cone of vision gives a good perspective view of
an object

The axis of the cone is called the centre line of vision. The
picture plane is drawn perpendicular to the centre line of
vision
 Terminology

Horizon Line: The height of the horizon line above the ground line is equal to that
of the spectator’s eye above the ground plane
Vanishing Point: The vanishing point for any line is found on the Picture Plane
and is located by drawing a sight line from the spectator parallel to
that line
The vanishing points for all horizontal lines lie on the horizon line
 Terminology

Sight Lines: The straight lines drawn from various points on

the object to the eye of the spectator

The points of intersection of the sight lines with the

picture plane yield the perspective view of the object
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
One point perspective
The centre line of vision is perpendicular to a side of the object.
This side and all lines parallel to this side will be parallel to the picture
plane so they do not converge.
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

Parallel lines vanish to the same vanishing point.

Lines parallel to the picture plane in plan do not

converge.

If lines are parallel to the horizontal plane then the

vanishing point is on the horizon line.

The sides touching the picture plane are true

dimensions.
Perspective Projection
Two point perspective
 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
Picture plane perpendicular to centre line of vision.

Sets of parallel lines appear to converge to the same

vanishing point.

The vanishing points for all horizontal lines lie on

the horizon line.

The edge touching the picture plane is a true height.

 PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
Height line
When the edge of the object is not touching the picture plane a height line
must be established on the picture plane.
Identify a surface that contains necessary heights. Extend the surface to
intersect the picture plane i.e. extend the surface parallel to its vanishing
parallel. The elevation of the line of intersection gives the necessary
heights .

Height line
 Auxiliary Vanishing points

Parallel lines vanish to the same vanishing point

The vanishing point for any line is found on the Picture Plane and is
located by drawing a sight line from the spectator parallel to that line
The sight line for sloping lines intersects the PP at a height above or below
the vanishing points
PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
Perspective Projection