Games project

Made by Akansha
XA
 Football
• The game of football is any of several similar team sports,
of similar origins which involve, to varying degrees, kicking
a ball with the foot in an attempt to score a goal. The most
popular of these sports worldwide is association football,
more commonly known as just "football" or "soccer".
Unqualified, the word football applies to whichever form
of football is the most popular in the regional context in
which the word appears, including American football,
Australian rules football, Canadian football, Gaelic football
, rugby league, rugby union and other related games.
These variations are known as "codes."
 Rules and regulations
•
1]The football field is 120 yards long and 53 ½ yards wide. At each end of the field and
100 yards apart are the goal lines. The additional 10 yards at each end is the end zone.
The field is divided up every 5 yards by a yard line. The middle yard line marker is
called the 50 yard line. In parallel to the side lines are rows of hash marks. The football
is always placed on or between the hash marks at the start of each play. This ensures
that the teams have space to line up on both sides of the football. The position of the
football that defines the sides of the ball is called the "line of scrimmage".

There are also goal posts at the back of each football end zone. One way to score is to
kick the football through the goal posts. The ball must go between the uprights and
over the crossbar.

If any part of a player with the football touches outside the side lines or the end zone
this is considered Out of Bounds.
• 2] Game format

Football is a timed sport. The team with the most points

at the end of the time period, wins the game. The game
is divided up into 4 periods or quarters with a long "half
time" between the second and third quarter. Time is
counted while plays are running and sometimes between
plays (i.e. time continues after a running play where the
player was tackled in bounds, but stops on an incomplete
pass). To keep the game going at a good pace the offense
has a limited time (called the play clock) between plays.
• The offensive team can lose possession of the
football by:

Scoring Not getting 10 yards in four downs.

Fumbling or dropping the football and the
defensive team recovers it. Throwing the football
to a defensive player for an interception. Punting,
or kicking, the football to the defensive team.
Missing a field goal. Getting tackled in the end
zone for a safety.
 Handball
• Handball is a team sport in which two teams of
seven players each (six outfield players and a
goalkeeper) pass a ball to throw it into the goal of
the other team. The team with the most goals after
two periods of 30 minutes wins.
• Modern Handball is usually played indoors, but
outdoor variants exist in the form of field handball
(which was more common in the past) and
beach handball. American handball and
Gaelic handball are completely different sports.
 Rules and regulations
•
The Court: As per the rules laid down by the International Handball Federation (IHF),
the dimensions of the playing court should be 40 meter by 20 meter. That means
that is a 40 meter long 20 meter wide rectangle. It has two goal areas and a single
playing area. There is a compulsory safety zone on the periphery of the playing court,
having a width of at least 1 meter along the sidelines and around 2 meters behind
the goal lines. Longer boundary lines are the sidelines and lines between the goal
posts are called the goal lines. Each goal in the playing area is marked by a 6 meter
goal area, joined by a tangent at the center. The goals need to have net, attached in a
way that it does not let the ball move out. The goal posts and crossbar need to have
8 cm square cross section. The rules of handball also permit a difference in the color
of lines between two adjacent areas of the floor. Outside the goal line, there is
another arc, 9 meters from the posts. This is called the free throw line and is
normally dashed. For restart, there is the halfway line with a center dot. Thanks to
Olympics, some of us know the nitty gritties of handball.
•
The Players: On the whole, there are 7 players on the field and 7
players are substitutes. So from one team there cannot be more than
14 players. On the field, there are six players and 1 goal keeper from a
team. At the start of the play, according to the handball rules and
regulations laid down by the IHF, a minimum of 5 players should be on
the field. A game might continue without 5 players as well, but that is
totally the referee's prerogative. A maximum of 4 officials are allowed
per team, be it the Team Handball rules or European Handball rules.
Another interesting rule laid down is that at any point of time whilst
the game is in progress, a court player can be designated as the goal
keeper and vice versa. But those involved in substitution have to leave
and enter the court over the substitution line of their respective team.
• The Ball: The ball is made of leather or a synthetic material and the
surface must not be either shiny or slippery. The circumference and
weight according to the categories of teams playing are:For men
above 16 years, it is 58 to 60 cm and the weight is 425-475 grams. This
is the IHF size 3.
• For women above 14, and male youth in the age of 12 to 16, the
circumference of the ball is 54-56 cm and the weight is between 325
and 375 grams.
• For boys and girls in the age group between 8 and 14 (girls 8-14 and
boys 8-12), the circumference of the ball is 50 to 52 cm and the weight
is between 290 to 330 grams.
• There are atleast 2 balls available and the reserve must be readily
available, as laid down in the team handball rules by the IHF.
• Penalty or Punishment: For a foul play, normally the
referee gives a yellow card or if the foul or contact is too
serious, the referee can give the player an instant 2-
minute suspension. If a player gets more than 2 such
suspensions, he or she gets a red card, as per the team
handball rules. A red card results in disqualification and
the player has to go off the court. A referee or another
player's assault can lead to expulsion of the player. This
means that the player cannot play for the rest of the
game. Any objection or gestures or argument with the
referee can lead to 2-min suspension.
 Kho Kho
• Kho Kho is an Indian sport played by teams of
twelve players who try to avoid being touched
by members of the opposing team, only 9
players of the team enter the field. Kho Kho
and Kabaddi, in spite of popular
misconception, are not the same.
 Field
• Kho kho playground is rectangular. It is 29 meters in length and 16 meters
in width. There are two rectangles at the end. One side of the rectangle is
16 meter and the other side is 2.75 meters. In the middle of these two
rectangles, there shall be two wooden poles. The central lane is
907.50 cm long and 30 cm X 30 cm on the lane. There are eight cross
lanes which lie across the small squares and each of it is 500 cm in length
and 70 cm in breadth, at right angles to the central lane and divided
equally into two parts of 7.30 cm each by central lane. At the end of
central lane, two posts shall be fixed. They shall be 120 cm above the
ground and their circumference shall be not less than 30 cm and not
more than 40 cm. The post shall be made of wooden poles which are
smooth all over. The posts shall be fixed firmly in the free zone tangent to
the post-line at a height between 120 to 125 cm. The top of the post shall
be flat and free from any sharp edges.
 Equipments

• The equipment used in Kho- Kho are posts,

strings, measuring tape (metallic), lime
powder, wire nails, two watches, two types of
rings having inner circumference of 30 cm and
40 cm, score shots (like a whistle, for
instance), and some stationery to write results
etc.
 Table tennis
• Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which
two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and
forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a
hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve,
players must allow a ball played toward them only one
bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that
it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a
player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast
and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart
several varieties of spin to the ball, altering its trajectory
and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage.
 Rules and regulations
• 2.01.01 The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall
be rectangular, 2.74m long and 1.525m wide, and shall lie in a horizontal
plane 76cm above the floor. 2.01.02 The playing surface shall not include
the vertical sides of the tabletop. 2.01.03 The playing surface may be of any
material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard
ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm. 2.01.04 The playing surface
shall be uniformly dark coloured and matt, but with a white side line, 2cm
wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide, along each
1.525m edge. 2.01.05 The playing surface shall be divided into 2 equal
courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end lines, and shall be
continuous over the whole area of each court. 2.01.06 For doubles, each
court shall be divided into 2 equal half-courts by a white centre line, 3mm
wide, running parallel with the side lines; the centre line shall be regarded
as part of each right half-court.
• 2.02.01 The net assembly shall consist of the net, its
suspension and the supporting posts, including the
clamps attaching them to the table. 2.02.02 The net shall
be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an
upright post 15.25cm high, the outside limits of the post
being 15.25cm outside the side line. 2.02.03 The top of
the net, along its whole length, shall be 15.25cm above
the playing surface. 2.02.04 The bottom of the net, along
its whole length, shall be as close as possible to the
playing surface and the ends of the net shall be as close as
possible to the supporting posts.
• 2.03.01 The ball shall be spherical, with a
diameter of 40mm. 2.03.02 The ball shall
weigh 2.7g. 2.03.03 The ball shall be made of
celluloid or similar plastics material and shall
be white or orange, and matt.
 Basket ball
• Basketball is a team sport in which two teams
of five players try to score points by throwing
or "shooting" a ball through the top of a
basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
Basketball is one of the most popular and
widely viewed sports in the world.[1]
• Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[27] or 12 minutes (NBA).[28]
College games use two 20-minute halves,[29] while high school varsity
games use 8 minute quarters.[30] Fifteen minutes are allowed for a half-time
break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules[29][31][32] and 10 minutes in high
school.[30] Overtime periods are five minutes in length[29][33][34] except for
high school which is four minutes in length.[30] Teams exchange baskets for
the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is
stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much
longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours.
• Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.[35][36][37][38]
Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped.
Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of
the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers,
statisticians, doctors and trainers.
• For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of
shorts and a jersey with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed
on both the front and back. Players wear high-top sneakers that provide extra
ankle support. Typically, team names, players' names and, outside of North
America, sponsors are printed on the uniforms.
• A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or
sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players, are
allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA)
unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed.
• The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (referred to as
crew chief in the NBA), one or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA)
and the table officials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a
total of three referees on the court. The table officials are responsible for keeping
track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, player
substitutions, team possession arrow, and the shot clock.
• The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed between players,
thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball while running).
• The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball before it travels out
of bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out of bounds if touches or crosses over a
boundary line, or touches a player who is out of bounds. This is in contrast to other
sports such as football, volleyball, and tennis (but not rugby or American football)
where the ball (or player) is still considered in if any part of it is touching a boundary
line.
• The ball-handler may not move both feet without dribbling, an infraction known as
traveling, nor may he dribble with both hands or catch the ball in between dribbles, a
violation called double dribbling. A player's hand cannot be under the ball while
dribbling; doing so is known as carrying the ball. A team, once having established ball
control in the front half of the court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be
the first to touch it. The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist. A violation
of these rules results in loss of possession, or, if committed by the defense, a reset of
the shot clock (with some exceptions in the NBA).
• An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through physical
contact is illegal and is called a foul. These are most commonly
committed by defensive players; however, they can be committed
by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either receive
the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one or more free throws
if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending on whether the
shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw,
which is attempted from a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.
• The referee may use discretion in calling fouls (for example, by
considering whether an unfair advantage was gained), sometimes
making fouls controversial calls or no-calls. The calling of fouls can
vary between games, leagues and even among referees.