METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

What are the Metallurgy Activities in Cameron?

Supplier
Qualifications
& Audits
Project
Material
Metallurgy
Specifications
Functions

Metallurgy
Activities
Problem
Training &
Solving/Shop
Qualification
Floor Support

Tender
Failure
Review
Analysis
Support

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Introduction to Metallurgy at
Cameron
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6

Basic Heat Survey of Fundamentals NACE

Welding
Principles Treatment Metals of Corrosion MRO175

HISC
Making Mechanical Forming Corrosion
NDE Coatings
Metals Properties Processes Mechanisms

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Basics: Chapter 1

• Fundamentals

• Introduction to Metals

• Crystals

• Grain Size, Shape &

Orientation

• Cold work/Hot work

• Dislocations

• Strengthening mechanisms

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Moseley had found that elements are different from one another
because their atoms have different number of protons

Hydrogen-Group 1

Now the periodic table could be

Initially organized (Mendeleev) by
considered an organization of elements
increasing atomic weight but there was
according to their atomic number or
a problem.
number of protons.

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Atomic Size Decreases

Atomic
Atomic Size
Size Increases

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• Rutherford shot alpha () particles at gold foil. Rutherford

Zinc sulfide screen Thin gold foil

Lead block

Radioactive
substance path of invisible -
particles

Most particles passed through. So, atoms

are mostly empty.
Some positive -particles deflected or
bounced back!
Thus, a “nucleus” is positive & holds most
of an atom’s mass.
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How much of an atom is empty space?

If the nucleus
were the size
of a ping pong
ball?

Nucleus
How far is it from the
nucleus to the inner
electron cloud in
relative terms?

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Periodic
There is aTable is aofreflection
third way of the
looking at the valence
organizing
electron
principle of the configuration of the elements
periodic table: electron configuration

Metals

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Three types of electron cloud bonding

Covalent
Bond

Ionic Bond

Metallic Bond

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Key Point #5: Ionic bonds are

weak and can be dissolved by
water.
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Why does water dissolve salt &

other substances?
Na+ Cl-

Na+ Cl-
When salt wanders in the
Na+ is pulled by the oxygen
and the CL- is pulled by the
Hydrogen ripping the ionic
bond & dissolving the salt.

Na+ Cl- Two H+ ions

pull on the O-
ion exposing
Na+ Cl-
the backend

Na+ Cl-

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Examples of Covalent Bonds

• Covalent bond is known as a strong
bond.

• Ceramics are typical materials that

have covalent bonds.

• Ceramics are very strong

but also very brittle
substances. (Key Point #6)

Kevlar Vest
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What Makes Metallic Bonds?

• Metallic bonds have the
particularity that the electron
cloud is spread out along the
atoms likened to a “sea” of
electrons.

• This “sea” of electrons allow

greater ductility and conduction,
which are characteristics of
most metals. (Key point #7)

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Modern Atomic Model

•The atom is mostly empty

space

• Protons & neutrons in

nucleus

• Same # of protons as
electrons

• Electrons in the form of a

cloud

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Quantum Mechanics Atomic Model

2 * (the shell number   * the shell Maximum

Shell number) Number
Number = the maximum number of of Electrons
electrons in this shell.  in the Shell

1 2 x (1 x 1) = 2 2x1=2

2 2 x (2 x 2) = 8 2x4=8

3 2 x ( 3 x 3) = 18 2 x 9 = 18

4 2 x (4 x  4) = 32 2 x 16 = 32

5 2 x (5 x 5) = 50 2 x 25 = 50

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Metals have the tendency to only have a minimum amount

of electrons in the outer shells; these have the tendency
to wander off creating the electron cloud.

Rather than filling the d-shell first, metals

start filling the d, but continue to the s-
orbital, allowing a few electrons to be on
the outer shell.

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Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Images of
Atoms & Electron Clouds
Note that Cu has one lonely electron
in the valence shell. This electron is
easily shared with the array of Cu
Atoms
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METALLURGY DEPARTMENT
Image of the electron cloud
of Copper.
1. Can you see why metals are shiny?
2. Can you see why copper is a good electrical
conductor?
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How were the elements formed in the

first place?
• Gravity is squishing/compressing the
hydrogen.

• The heat is an effect of the friction

generated as to atoms get squeezed
together.

• Hydrogen is fused to helium; helium is

fused to carbon and so on until the core
of the sun gets fused to a stable iron.

• All nuclear reactions cease at iron,

which starts the collapse of the star or
sun.

• As the sun supernovas, the other

elements are created.

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