METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Bronze Metallurgy

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

What are metals in an empirical sense?

• General Characteristics of a Metal

– is shiny when polished
– has a high strength to weight
ratio
– is a good conductor of heat and
electricity
– has good ductility (can be
stretched in tension without
fracturing)
– is relatively hard
– has good malleability (can be
deformed in compression
without fracturing)

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Chapter 1:
Table 2, Chemical Symbols of a Metals
Fe - Iron Cu - Copper Ni - Nickel Pt - Platinum

Al - Aluminum Au - Gold Ti - Titanium Cr - Chromium

Mo - Molybdenum W - Tungsten V - Vanadium Be - Beryllium

Pb - Lead Hg - Mercury Ta - Tantalum Cb - Columbium

Sn – Tin Ag - Silver Cd - Cadmium Zn - Zinc

B - Boron Mn - Manganese Co - Cobalt Mg - Magnesium

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Atoms organizing themselves into crystal

structures

Each element has a specific atomic One can explode or expand the
size. Note here the representation organization and create a lattice or
of a smaller atom fitting within a array.
larger array of like sized atoms.

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Lattice arrays “crash”

into each other to create
grain boundaries.

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Solidification is the source for the initial

formation of grains

Solidification is driven by thermal Progressive cooling increases the

gradients formation of the dendrites

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Types of Grain Structures

Equiaxed
grains

Dendrite
grains

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Effect of Grain Boundaries on Metal

Strength

Grain boundaries natural “weak” points as material

will preferentially deform or slide at the grain
boundaries
If grain boundaries are the weak points thru which stress flows, is it
better to have bigger or smaller grains?

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Compare Fine Grain to Course Grains – which is

stronger?

Fine grain Coarse grain

structure structure

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Grain Size, Shape & Orientation

• The larger the ASTM grain size number, the smaller the grains.

• “Fine" grain steel average ASTM grain size of 5 or higher.

• ASTM E112 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average

Grain Size

• N=2n-1
– n = ASTM grain size number
– N = the number of grains observed per square inch when the
metal is viewed under a microscope with a linear
magnification of 100X

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Grain Size, Shape & Orientation

Mechanical properties, generally,
increase as grain size decreases.

1. Grain Size can be controlled by

regulating the amount work the
material receives, by heat
treating processes, and by
special alloying additions

2. As the rate molten metal is

cooled increases, the average
grain size will decrease in size
Aluminum or Vanadium
additions also help inhibit
grain growth

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Dislocations – Defects in the lattice array of

atoms
Dislocations
explain why Substitutional
materials haveimpurity
Vacancy loop

lower strengths
Vacancy
than theoretically
possible.
Edge dislocation

Precipitation
Interstitial
Interstitial
impurity

Easy dislocation movement = large plastic flow

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Strengthening Mechanisms – Effect of

Dislocations

Reduce Grain Size Interstitial Alloy

1. Grain boundaries are barriers to slip. Substitution
2. Smaller grain size: more barriers to slip

precipitate
Side View
C
Unslipped part of slip plane
Top View
D
S
Substitution alloy Precipitation alloy
strengthening strengthening

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

Crystal Structure dictates Material Properties

FCC Crystal
lattice is more
densely
packed than
BCC

FCC Crystal
lattice has
more
closely
packed slip
planes than
BCC

Less strength, more More strength, less

ductile ductile

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 METALLURGY DEPARTMENT

FCC
Material
Fe properties of
alloys defined
Atoms by lattice
1Fun crystal
structure
BCC

The two
important crystal
structures of Fe

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