CITING LITERATURE, LISTING REFERENCES, AND

ADDITIONAL REMINDERS

BY: DR. JEANNEMAR GENEVIVE YAP-FIGUERAS

Biological Sciences
College of Arts and Sciences
West Visayas State University
CITING LITERATURE
 Review Of Related Literature
• Includes pertinent literature about the
variables of the study.
• Citations are very important.
• Literature should be updated; more or less 5-
10 years old.
• Journal sources more preferable.
Citations all throughout the manuscript
• Author - date system
• Collective citation or individual citation
– Collective citation: A study by Tan et al. (2009) states
that use of Actizyme result to …
– Individual citation: Chlorella vulgaris contains 25%
alkaloid and 30% CGF (Yap-Figueras, 2008).
– Or: Vibro harveyi has been reported to cause mass
mortalities due to hepatopancreas damage (Lavilla-
Pitogo, 2000) and muscular tissue damage (Lacierda,
2001).
• Do not over-cite the same author
• 1-2 authors = cite all; more than 2 authors;
enumerate all if less than 6 upon 1st mention;
use et al. for succeeding entries. If 6 and more
authors, use et al.
• Counter-check all citations with the
references. All cited authors should be listed in
the reference list.
 In choosing internet sources:
• Choose scientific or journal websites.
• Tip if source is reputable:”edu.ph”
• Always list down or look for the author of the
website.
• Always take note of the date of retrieval (date
you retrieved the data); the year the website
was posted; and the name of the website.
REFERENCE LIST
 Reference List
• APA format
• For hard copy journals (Author, year, Title of
Article, title of journal, volume, number, page)
– Example: Yap, J.G.(2003). In vitro Studies of
Chlorella vulgaris as Biocontrol Agent Against
Shrimp Pathogens. WVSU-CAS Research Journal.
3:1:37-46.
 Reference List
• For on-line journals: (Author, year, Title of article, title of
journal,volume, number, page, webpage retrieved from)
– Jafar, T.H. (2009) “Organ Trafficking: Global Solutions for a
Global Problem. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. Vol. 54,
No. 6, pp. 1145-1157. Retrieved on July 10, 2017 from <
http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.08.014>.
– Cho, H., Zhang, M., and Tansuhaj, P. (2009) “An Empirical Study
on International Organ Trafficking: Effects of Globalization.”
Innovative Marketing. Vol. 5, Issue 3, pp. 66-74. Retrieved on
June from <http://businessperspectives.org/journals
free/im/2009/im en 2009 3 Cho.pdf>.
 Reference List
• For books (Author, year, Title of article, title of
book, edition, publisher, place of publication,
volume, number, page)
– Example: Alcano, I.E. (1997). Fundamental
Microbiology. 5th ed. Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc. The Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Co.,
London, 567 p.
 Reference List
• For unpublished papers (Author, year, Title of
research work, unpublished
thesis/dissertation/research paper, institution,
location of institution)
– Example: Demayo, P. & Patingo, C. (2010).
Screening for Population Levels of Lactobacillus
casei Shirota Strain in an Expired Probiotic Drink.
Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. West Visayas
State University, La Paz, Iloilo City.
 Reference List
• For online citations, (Author of article or website,
year, title of article, retrieved from (website
retrieved from).
– Example: Harper, W. (2002). Lactobacillus. Retrieved
from: http://www.vaxa.com/lacobacillus.cfm.
• Pamphlets (Manufacturer, year, title of article.
– Example: Glaxo-Kline, Inc. (2010). Cerazette
Contraceptive Tablets.
• Oral communication (no need to place in references,
applicable for citations only.)
 Reference List
• For et als, in the reference list, enumerate all the
authors:
– Monroy, A.E., Figueras-Yap, J.G.Y., Llauderes, A. & Limsiaco, C.
• For same author with multiple studies mentioned in the
manuscript, use superscripts based on the first study
mentioned in citations.
– Figueras, J.G.Y. (2000) . Phytochemical studies on Chlorella
a

vulgaris …..
– Figueras, J.G.Y. (2000) . Biochemical studies on Chlorella
b

spp….
 Reference List
• For Entries obtained from the Dictionary
– “Probiotics”. Meriam-Webster Medical Dictionary.
(2017). Retrieved on July 18, 2017 from
www.meriam-webster.com
 Reference List
• For multiple authors, follow the sequencing of
authors as stated in the source journal or
book.
• Alphabetize list of references.
• Use a bibliography if you have more than 50
references.
Tips on how to avoid plagiarism in Turnitin
 Tips to avoid plagiarism
• Paraphrase! Never copy paste.
• Combine ideas of a common concept from different
papers either in one sentence or in a paragraph.
• The more references you have for elucidating one
concept, the better.
• Do not forget to cite the authors from your sources.
• Even if you are citing yourself from previously
published paper, rephrase the concept you want to
emphasize.
Additional Reminders
 Scientific and foreign terminology
• Capital letter for the first letter of the genus, small letter
for the first letter of the species. Ex. Chlorella vulgaris
• Always italicize scientific names (even short cuts). Ex.
Chlorella vulgaris
C. vulgaris
Chlorella
Chlorella spp.
• Always italicize foreign terminology.
Ex. In vitro
et al.
• Is the abbreviation of “et alil”; meaning, “and
others”
• Period comes after al.; no period after et; the
e in et should not be in uppercase.
• No comma after the aforementioned author.
Ex. Penecilla et al.
 Appendix
• Include only necessary data (e.g.,
questionnaires, letters of permission, post-hoc
tests, pictures, etc.)
• Arrangement should be in chronological order
as mentioned in the paper.