Topics to be covered

• What is Research?
• Sampling Techniques?
• Correlation & Causation
• Quasi-experiment
What is RESEARCH?

• Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase

the stock of knowledge including knowledge of humans, culture and
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new
applications.“

• It involves the collection, organization, and analysis of information to

increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
• Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena
and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief

• Non-Empirical Research articles focus more on theories, methods and

their implications for education research. Non-Empirical Research can
include comprehensive reviews and articles that focus on
methodology.

• Descriptive research
Gathering Data/ Sampling techniques

1. Convenience

2. Snow Ball

3. Random
1.Convenience

1)Approaching easily accessible people.

2)Using existing data.

2.Snow Ball

Less representative form of data collection.

3.Random
CORELATION & CAUSATION
Quasi-Experiment & Non-Experiment
• Quasi-Experiment: A quasi-experimental design is an empirical study, almost like an experimental
design but without random assignment. Quasi-experimental designs typically allow the
researcher to control the assignment to the treatment condition but using some criterion other
than random assignment
• (e.g., an eligibility cutoff mark). In some cases, the researcher may have control over assignment
to treatment condition.

• Non-Experiment: The researcher cannot control, manipulate or alter the predictor variable or

subjects, but instead, relies on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a
conclusion.
• Typically, this means the non-experimental researcher must rely on correlations, surveys or case
studies, and cannot demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship. Non-experimental research
tends to have a high level of external validity, meaning it can be generalized to a larger
population.
2
Topics to be covered

• Experimental Research Techniques

• QUALITATIVE Research
• QUANTITATIVE research
• Quantitative Vs Qualitative
Experimental Research Techniques
Researchers have control over the Independent & Dependent variables

APPROACHES

1. Laboratory Experiment

2. Field Experiment

3. Natural Experiment

4. Quasi Experiment
1.Laboratory Experiment- Artificial Setup
2. Field
Experiment

 Uses natural
environmental settings

 Advantage: Better &

honest results
3.Natural
Experiment
 NO control over the situation

 Using existing data / studying

existing natural event

 Advantage: Extreme situation can b

analyzed which couldn't be
artificially set up
 Quasi
4.

Experiment

 Comparison is made

 No random participants
assignment
 QUALITATIVE Research-Why? (actual theoretical
reason)
• Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data
• No Predetermined hypothesis
• Fewer no of case studies
• Theory based
APPROACHES:
• ETHNOGRAPGY
• INTERVIEW
• NARATIVE RESEARCH
• FOCUS GROUPS
• CASE STUDY
• MIXED METHODS
• GROUNDED THEORY
QUANTITATIVE research- What? how many? (in numbers)

• Predetermined hypothesis
• Random sampling
• Results can be generalized to large population
• Uses statistical models to analyze

APPROACHES

• Longitudinal Studies
• Cross-sectional Studies
• Longitudinal Studies: A type of observational research in which the market
researcher conducts surveys from a specific time period to another, i.e., over a
considerable course of time, is called longitudinal survey.

• This survey is often implemented for trend analysis or studies where the

primary objective is to collect and analyze a pattern in data.

• Cross-sectional Studies: A type of observational research in which the market

research conducts surveys at a particular time period across the
target sample is known as cross-sectional survey.

• This survey type implements a questionnaire to understand a specific subject

from the sample at a definite time period.
Quantitative Vs Qualitative
3
Topics to be covered

• Formulating Research Strategy

• Gathering Data/ Literature Survey
• Keep Record of those resources
• Evidence Based Practice
Formulating Research Strategy
1.Clarify your Problem Statement
• WHAT?
• WHY?
• For WHOM?
2.Dive deep into it
+ Precise Details
3. Gathering Data/ Literature Survey
4.Keep Record of those resources
3. Gathering Data/ Literature Survey
• Surveys
• Journals
• Google Dorks

• DB queries
4.Keep Record of those resources
Evidence Based Practice (EBP)
• Process in which the practitioner combines well-researched interventions
with clinical experience, ethics, client preferences, and culture to guide
and inform the delivery of treatment and services.

Steps in EBP