Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Structure

Chemical bonding and
structure
4.1 Ionic bonding and
structure
Q. 83 Deduce the formula of the following compounds:
1.Sodium phosphide
2.Potassium oxide
3.Aluminium sulfide
4.Magnesium chloride
4.1 Ionic bonding and structure
A.83
Q.84
A. 84
Q.85
A.85
Q.86 Element X is from group 2 of the Periodic Table. Element Y is from

group 17 of the Periodic Table.
What is the formula of the compound formed between X and Y?

A.86
Q.87 Ionic compounds have high melting points and they are hard but
brittle.
Explain these properties using diagram(s).

A.87
Q.88 Ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous

solution, but not in solid state.
Using diagrams, explain the reason for this.

A.88
Q.89 Explain why ionic compounds tend to be more water soluble than
covalent compounds.
A.89
Q.90 State the names of the following polyatomic ions:
NH+4, OH−, NO−3 , HCO3−, CO32−, SO2−4 and PO3−4

A. 90
4.2 Covalent bonding
Q.91 Compare and contrast ionic bonding with

covalent bonding.
A.91
Q.92
A.92
Q.93
A.93 1.Three pairs of electrons are shared between nitrogen atoms in N2.
2. Triple covalent bond.

Q.94
A.94
Q.95 For each of the following compounds, determine the polarity of

the bonds and the polarity of the overall molecule.
1.CO2
2.H2O
2.3.NH3
A.95
Q.96 Use electronegativity values to deduce the type of bonding present

in HCl and in NaCl.
A.96
4.3 Covalent structures
Q.97
A.97 Lewis structures show all the (1) valence electrons in a (2) covalently
bonded species.
The “octet rule” refers to the tendency of atoms to get a (3) valence shell
with a total of (4) eight electrons.
Some atoms (like (5) B and (6) Be) can form stable compounds with an
(7) incomplete octet of electrons.
Q.98 Element P has proton number 16 and element Q has proton number 17.
Draw a Lewis structure to show all electrons in the molecule made up of atoms of
P and Q.
A.98
Q.99 Draw the Lewis structure of the following covalent

compounds, and state the type of each covalent bond formed:
HCl
1.CH2O
2.HCN
A.99
Q.100 1.Compare and contrast the structure and bonding of CO2 and SiO2.
2.Compare the melting and boiling points of CO2 and SiO2.

A.100
Q.101 Draw the Lewis structure of hydronium ion and indicate the coordinate
(dative) bond formed.
A.101
Q.102 The VSEPR theory states that the shapes of species are determined by the
repulsion of electron pairs.
Outline how the VSEPR theory can be used to predict electron domain geometry
and molecular geometry.
A.102
Q.103
A.103
Q.104
A.104
Q.105 Sketch a NH+4 ion.
Name its molecular geometry, electron domain geometry and indicate

the bond angles.
A.105
Q.106 Sketch a NH−2 ion.
Name its molecular geometry, electron domain geometry and indicate the
bond angles.
A.106
Q.107
A.107
Q.108 Explain why graphite can be used as a

lubricant while diamond can not.
A.108
Q.109 Describe the structure and uses of the following allotropes

of carbon:
1.Graphene
2.C60 buckminsterfullerene
A.109
4.4 Intermolecular
forces
Q.110 At room temperature, H2S is gas and H2O is liquid.
1.Draw the Lewis structure of both molecules.
2.Deduce the type of intermolecular forces present in both compounds.
3.Explain the vast difference in boiling point.

4.4 Intermolecular forces
A.110
Q.111 Identify the intermolecular forces in the following

substances:
1.N2
2.CH3CH2CH3
3.CH3Cl
4.CH3CH2CH2COOH
A.111
Q.112
A.112
Q.113 Deduce which of the following substances can form hydrogen bonds.
1.HF
2.CH3−CH2−O−CH3
3.CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
4.CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
A.113 Hydrogen bonds can occur between molecules that have H−F, O−H,
or N−H groups.
Therefore HF and CH3CH2CH2CH2OH can form hydrogen bonds.
Applying the same rule shows that CH3−CH2−O−CH3 and

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 cannot form hydrogen bonds,
because they have no H−F, O−H, or N−H groups.
Q.114 Which of the following molecules has the highest boiling point ?
1.NH3 (molecular mass = 17.04 g mol−1)

2.SiH4 (molecular mass = 32.13 g mol−1)
3.GeH4 (molecular mass = 76.67 g mol−1)
A.114
Q.115
A.115
Q.116
A.116
Q.117 Compare the solubility in water of ethanol (CH3−CH2−OH)
and pentanol (CH3−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH )

A.117
4.5 Metallic bonding
Q.118 Explain how metals conduct electricity and how they can be malleable.
A.118
Q.119 Arrange the following metals in order of increasing melting

point and explain the trend.
1.Aluminum
2.Sodium
3.Magnesium
A.119
Q.120 Explain why the melting points and boiling points of the metals in
group 2 and 15 generally decrease as you go down the groups.
A.120
Q.121 Define the term alloys, give two examples and mention three
possible advantages over ‘normal’ metals.

A.121
Q.122 Why are alloys generally stronger than pure metals?

A.122

Unit 4 Chemical Bonding and Structure

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Chemical bonding and

Q. 83 Deduce the formula of the following compounds:

Q.86 Element X is from group 2 of the Periodic Table. Element Y is from

What is the formula of the compound formed between X and Y?

Explain these properties using diagram(s).

Q.88 Ionic compounds only conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous

Using diagrams, explain the reason for this.

Q.90 State the names of the following polyatomic ions:

NH+4, OH−, NO−3 , HCO3−, CO32−, SO2−4 and PO3−4

Q.91 Compare and contrast ionic bonding with

2. Triple covalent bond.

Q.95 For each of the following compounds, determine the polarity of

Q.96 Use electronegativity values to deduce the type of bonding present

Q.99 Draw the Lewis structure of the following covalent

2.Compare the melting and boiling points of CO2 and SiO2.

Q.105 Sketch a NH+4 ion.

Name its molecular geometry, electron domain geometry and indicate

Q.106 Sketch a NH−2 ion.

Q.108 Explain why graphite can be used as a

Q.109 Describe the structure and uses of the following allotropes

Q.110 At room temperature, H2S is gas and H2O is liquid.

1.Draw the Lewis structure of both molecules.

2.Deduce the type of intermolecular forces present in both compounds.

3.Explain the vast difference in boiling point.

Q.111 Identify the intermolecular forces in the following

Therefore HF and CH3CH2CH2CH2OH can form hydrogen bonds.

Applying the same rule shows that CH3−CH2−O−CH3 and

1.NH3 (molecular mass = 17.04 g mol−1)

Q.117 Compare the solubility in water of ethanol (CH3−CH2−OH)

and pentanol (CH3−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−OH )

Q.119 Arrange the following metals in order of increasing melting

possible advantages over ‘normal’ metals.

Q.122 Why are alloys generally stronger than pure metals?

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