Geological Hazard

PRESENTED BY 1S2P
Overview of Geological Hazard

Geologic hazards are responsible for great loss

of life and destruction of property.
In the twentieth century more than a million people
worldwide have been killed by earthquakes alone,
and the value of the property destroyed by
earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis amounts to
scores of billions of dollars.
Overview of Geological Hazard

With the present state of technology, most

geologic events cannot be prevented or even
predicted with any precision. Landslides are an
exception: they can often be prevented. Areas
prone to such events can be identified as
earthquake fault zones, active volcanoes, and
coastal areas susceptible to tsunamis.
Overview of Geological Hazard

Geologic events are distinctive for their extremely

rapid onset. Unlike a flood or hurricane, whose
impact at a site can be forecast hours or days in
advance, earthquakes give virtually no warning.
Overview of Geological Hazard

In addition to speed of onset, geologic hazards

also tend to have impacts covering large areas.
Earthquakes can cause damage over millions of
square kilometers, and tsunamis travel the entire
ocean and cause major damage thousands of
kilometers from their point of origin.
Types of Geological
Hazard
Earthquake

• Earthquake Effects and the Hazards They

Cause
• Earthquake Hazard Prediction, Assessment,
and Mitigation
• Types and Sources of Earthquake Information
Earthquake Effects and the Hazards They
Cause
Depending on its size and location, an
earthquake can cause the physical phenomena of:

• ground shaking
• surface fault rupture
• ground failure
Earthquake Effects and the Hazards They
Cause

And, in some coastal areas, tsunamis. Smaller

earthquakes, aftershocks, may follow the main
shock, sometimes several hours, months, or even
several years later.
A. Ground Shaking

Ground shaking or ground motion, a principal

cause of the partial or total collapse of structures,
is the vibration of the ground caused by seismic
waves during an earthquake. Four different types
of waves are propagated through and on the
surface of the earth at different velocities, arrive at
a site at different times, and vibrate a structure in
different ways.
A. Ground Shaking

Types of Waves:
1. Sound wave or P wave and is the first to cause
a building to vibrate.
A. Ground Shaking

Types of Waves:
2. S waves (shear waves),
which travel near the
earth's surface and cause
the earth to move at right
angles to the direction of
the wave and structures to vibrate from side to
side.
A. Ground Shaking

Types of Waves:
2. S waves (shear waves),
which travel near the
earth's surface and cause
the earth to move at right
angles to the direction of
the wave and structures to vibrate from side to
side.
A. Ground Shaking

The third and fourth types are slow low-frequency

surface waves, usually detected at great
distances from the epicenter, which cause
buildings to sway and waves to form in bodies of
water.
A. Ground Shaking

They are:

Rayleigh Wave Love Wave

A. Ground Shaking

The severity of an earthquake can be measured

two ways: its intensity and its magnitude. Intensity
is the apparent effect of the earthquake at a
specific location. The magnitude is related to the
amount of energy released.
A. Ground Shaking

Intensity is measured on various scales. The one

most commonly used in the Western Hemisphere
is the twelve-level Modified Mercalli Index (MMI),
on which the intensity is subjectively evaluated by
describing the extent of damage.
A. Ground Shaking
A. Ground Shaking

The Richter Scale, which measures magnitude, is

the one most often used by the media to convey to
the public the size of an earthquake.
A. Ground Shaking
A. Ground Shaking

Effects of Ground Shaking

• Buildings, other types of structures, and

infrastructure are all subject to damage or
collapse from ground shaking. Fire is a common
indirect effect of a large earthquake since
electrical and gas lines may be ruptured.
B. Surface Faulting
Surface faulting is the
offset or tearing of the
ground surface by
differential movement along
a fault during an earthquake.
This effect is generally
associated with Richter magnitudes of 5.5 or
greater and is restricted to particularly earthquake-
prone areas.
B. Surface Faulting

In addition to buildings, linear structures such as

roads, railroads, bridges, tunnels, and pipelines are
susceptible to damage from surface faulting.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
Landslides occur in a wide
variety of forms. The focus of
this section is on those
induced by earthquakes, but
they can also be triggered by
other mechanisms.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
Earthquake-Induced Landslides

Occur under a broad range of conditions: in steeply

sloping to nearly flat land; in bedrock,
unconsolidated sediments, fill, and mine dumps;
under dry and very wet conditions.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
Earthquake-Induced Landslides
The principal criteria for classifying landslides are
types of movement and types of material. The
types of landslide movement that can occur are
falls, slides, spreads, flows, and combinations of
these. Materials are classified as bedrock and
engineering soils, with the latter subdivided into
debris (mixed particle size) and earth (fine particle
size) (Campbell, 1984).
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
1. Rock Avalanches
Rock avalanches originate
on over-steepened slopes
in weak rocks. They are
uncommon but can be
catastrophic when they occur.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
2. Rock Falls
Rock falls occur most
commonly in closely jointed
or weakly cemented
materials on slopes steeper
than 40 degrees. While individual rock falls cause
relatively few deaths and limited damage,
collectively, they rank as a major earthquake-
induced hazard because they are so frequent.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
3. Mud Flows
Mud flows are rapidly
moving wet earth flows
that can be initiated by
earthquake shaking or a
heavy rainstorm.
C. Earthquake-Induced Ground Failure:
Landslides and Liquefaction
Liquefaction

Certain types of spreads and flows are designated

as liquefaction phenomena. Ground shaking may
cause clay-free soil deposits to lose strength
temporarily and behave as a viscous liquid rather
than as a solid.
Earthquake Hazard Prediction,
Assessment, and Mitigation
Minimizing or avoiding the risks from earthquakes
involves three subject areas.
1. Ability to predict their occurrence.
2. Seismic risk assessment, which enables
planners to identify areas at risk of earthquakes
and/or their effects.
3. Following a discussion of prediction,
assessment, and mitigation, the types and sources
of earthquake information are presented
Volcanic Eruption

• Volcanic Hazards
• Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards
Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruptions range from gentle

outpourings of lava to violent explosions. The
difference is determined largely by the

• viscosity of the magma

• molten rock
• content of dissolved gas
A. Tephra Falls and Ballistic Projectiles

Tephra includes all sizes of rock fragments and

lava blobs ejected into the atmosphere by the
force of an eruption which accumulate to form
deposits as the airborne materials fall back to
earth. Eruptions associated with major tephra falls
can have main eruptive phases lasting from an
hour to two or three days.
B. Pyroclastic Phenomena

• Pyroclastic Flows
Pyroclastic flows are masses of hot, dry
pyroclastic material and hot gases that move
rapidly along the ground surface. The term
includes a range of volcanic phenomena known as
pumice flow, ash flow, block-and-ash flow, nuee
ardente. and glowing avalanches.
B. Pyroclastic Phenomena

• Pyroclastic Surges
Pyroclastic surges are turbulent, low-density
clouds of gases and rock debris that move above
the ground surface at high speed. They are
generally associated with pyroclastic flows, but
because of their greater mobility they affect
broader areas.
C. Lahars and Floods

A lahar (or mudflow) is a flowing slurry of volcanic

debris and water that originates on a volcano. The
eruption of a snow-covered volcano can melt
enough snow to cause a lahar.
C. Lahars and Floods

Lahars in which at least 50 percent of the

particulate matter is the size of sand or smaller are
called mud flows, while those with a lower content
of fine particles are called debris flows.
D. Lava Flows and Domes

• Fluid lava forms long thin flows on slopes and

flat-topped lava lakes in flat areas and
topographic depressions, while viscous lava
forms short stubby flows on slopes and steep-
sided domes around their vents.
Pictures

Tephra Falls Pyroclastic Flow Pyroclastic Surges

Lahar and Floods Lava Flow Lava Dome

Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards

Development-related aspects of volcanic hazard

mitigation-reducing the potential loss of life and
property damage that can be caused by a volcanic
eruption-primarily involve hazard assessments
and land-use planning.
Mitigation of Volcanic Hazards

Other mitigation procedures such as the

establishment of monitoring and warning systems,
emergency evacuation measures, protective
measures, insurance programs, and relief and
rehabilitation measures are not treated in this
chapter. Many of these activities are associated
with preparedness, which is another phase of
hazard management
Tsunamis

• Tsunami Hazards
• Mitigating the Effects of Tsunamis
A. Tsunami Hazards

Tsunamis differ from other earthquake hazards in

that they can cause serious damage thousands of
kilometers from the causative faults. Once they
are generated, they are nearly imperceptible in
mid-ocean, where their surface height is less than
a meter.
A. Tsunami Hazards
They travel at incredible speeds, as much as
900km/hr, and the distance between wave crests
can be as much as 500km. As the waves
approach shallow water, a tsunami's speed
decreases and the energy is transformed into
wave height, sometimes reaching as high as 25m,
but the interval of time between successive waves
remains unchanged, usually between 20 and 40
minutes.
Pictures
Mitigating the Tsunami Effects

While tsunamis cannot be prevented, the Pacific

Tsunami Warning Center is constantly monitoring
the oceans and in many cases can warn a local
population of an impending tsunami with sufficient
lead time to make evacuation possible. Such
warnings.
Mitigating the Tsunami Effects

However, cannot prevent the destruction of boats,

buildings, ports, marine terminals, and anything
else within the runup area. The areas at risk can
be identified, and stringent controls such as those
proposed in the box above should be applied.
Mitigating the Tsunami Effects

However, cannot prevent the destruction of boats,

buildings, ports, marine terminals, and anything
else within the runup area. The areas at risk can
be identified, and stringent controls such as those
proposed in the box above should be applied.
 Geological Hazard
PRESENTED BY 1S2P

RENZO VIÑAS - CJ CARAIG - MARC JENIEL

SU - MARK CEDRIKE GARCIA - JOHN RANDY
ORILLA