What are water resources? What are its uses?

Water resources are sources of water that

are useful or potentially useful to humans.
Uses of water include agricultural, industrial,
household, recreational and environmental
activities.
Virtually all of these human uses require
fresh water.
Where does freshwater come from?
 Is there enough fresh water?

96.7% of water on the Earth is salt water,

and over two thirds of fresh water is frozen
in glaciers and polar ice caps, leaving only
0.9% available for human use.
Water is not distributed evenly
over the globe. Fewer than 10
countries possess 60% of the world’s
available fresh water supply: Brazil,
Russia, China, Canada, Indonesia,
U.S., India, Colombia and
Democratic Republic of Congo.
According to the World

Business Council for Sustainable

Development,

Water Stress applies to

“situations where there is not enough

water for all uses, whether agricultural,

industrial or domestic.”
CAUSES OF WATER STRESS

•POPULATION GROWTH

THE UN ESTIMATES THAT BY 2050 THERE

WILL BE AN ADDITIONAL 3 BILLION
PEOPLE WITH MOST OF THE GROWTH IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES THAT ALREADY
SUFFER WATER STRESS.
CAUSES OF WATER STRESS

• INCREASED AFFLUENCE
THE RATE OF POVERTY ALLEVIATION IS
INCREASING ESPECIALLY WITHIN THE TWO
POPULATION GIANTS OF CHINA AND INDIA.
HOWEVER, INCREASING AFFLUENCE
INEVITABLY MEANS MORE WATER
CONSUMPTION: FROM NEEDING CLEAN FRESH
WATER 24 HOURS A DAY, 7 DAYS A WEEK AND
BASIC SANITATION SERVICE, TO DEMANDING
WATER FOR GARDENS AND CAR WASHING, TO
WANTING JACUZZIS OR PRIVATE SWIMMING
POOLS.
CAUSES OF WATER STRESS

• EXPANSION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY

BUSINESS ACTIVITY RANGING FROM

INDUSTRIALIZATION TO SERVICES SUCH
AS TOURISM AND ENTERTAINMENT
CONTINUES TO EXPAND RAPIDLY.
CAUSES OF WATER STRESS

• CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE COULD HAVE SIGNIFICANT
IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES AROUND THE
WORLD BECAUSE OF THE CLOSE
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE CLIMATE AND
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE. BOTH DROUGHTS AND
FLOODS MAY BECOME MORE FREQUENT IN
DIFFERENT REGIONS AT DIFFERENT TIMES.
• POLLUTION AND WATER
PROTECTION

WATER POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE

MAIN CONCERNS OF THE WORLD
TODAY. MANY POLLUTANTS THREATEN
WATER SUPPLIES, BUT THE MOST
WIDESPREAD, ESPECIALLY IN
UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES, IS
THE DISCHARGE OF RAW SEWAGE
INTO NATURAL WATERS.
IS ONE OF THE MOST
FRAGILE RESOURCES
THAT NEEDS TO BE
MANAGED.
 7 River Basins as Potential Sources of Water Supply
3.3.Wahig-Inabanga
Wahig-InabangaWatershed
Watershed 7.7.Ipil
IpilWatershed
Watershed

1.1.Loboc
LobocWatershed
Watershed

4.4.Carood
CaroodWatershed
Watershed

6.6.Alejawan
AlejawanWatershed
Watershed
2.2.Abatan
AbatanWatershed
Watershed
5.5.Manaba
ManabaWatershed
Watershed
16
Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan
IDENTIFIED WATER & SANITATION RELATED ISSUES OF BOHOL DURING
BIWRMB STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION WORKSHOP:

 Unregulated water use resulting to salt water intrusion

 Water pollution affecting aquatic life (E-coli contamination)
 Insufficient water supply & Poor management of water systems
 Lack of facilities for water testing
 Soil erosion in upland areas and river bank erosion
 Flooding and Denudation of forest
 Watershed management is not yet a priority of the LGU
 Harmful farming practices
 No appropriate database
 I.E.C in the household level is lacking

Bohol Environment Management Office

 WATER and SANITATION RELATED ISSUES OF BOHOLDURING BIWRMB
STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION WORKSHOP:

 Siltation of river beds

 Fragmented interagency “work” on water-related issues
 Conflicting implementation of water related projects
 Local development projects do not include water-related planning
 Irregular meeting of PAMBs or other water regulating bodies
 Conflicts in municipality level – CLU Planning
 Conflict between LGU and local water provider
 Proliferation of shanties along river banks
 Improper solid and liquid waste disposal
 Insufficient funds

PAMB – protected area management board

Protected area – geographical space recognized and dedicated to long term
conservation
WATER RESOURCES
ISSUES & CONCERNS IN

BOHOL
 Deforestation of Watershed Areas
Deforestation causes

soil erosion, siltation,

sedimentation of rivers,
lakes including reservoirs
affecting the water
quality and limiting
the flow capacity of
these water bodies.

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

 Additional Threats to Some Watersheds of Bohol
Loboc Watershed Ipil Watershed
Heavy siltation and sedimentation
s biodiversity and balance of ecosystem and causing low water recharge Inappropriate solid waste mgt.
rtilizers and pesticides Flooding
Biological organisms and marine species rapidly dis
ng forest fires
al

Carood Watershed
Inadequate supply of water
Absence of drainage and sewerage system
Inappropriate solid waste management
Flooding

Wahig-Inabanga Watershed
Kaingin and traditional farming practices
Low soil fertility
Soil erosion causing decline in water quality of the river
Reduced efficiency of Malinao Dam to supply water for irrigation

21
 Groundwater Contamination

19.06.09
 Percent of E. coli Contamination of
Sample Drinking Water Sources of Bohol
January – December 2007

(372 samples) (218 samples) (741 samples) (440 samples)

Type of Water Source

Source:
19.06.09 PHO, Bohol
 From 2001-2006 , the leading cause
of illness and death are diarrhea /
acute gastroenteritis and respiratory
diseases.
From the reported water-borne
diseases, diarrhea / gastroenteritis
are top ranking causes of morbidity.

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

 Lack of Water Treatment Process
Most of the potable water
supply systems in municipalities and
barangays are either inadequately
treated or untreated and thus, prone
to contamination.

Only Bohol Water Utilities, Inc.

implements regular water treatment
using pump
chlorinators and monitoring chlorine.

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

 Inadequate Sewerage System

There are no centralized

sewerage for the disposal of
sanitary wastes from septic
tanks and other liquid
wastes from industries and
other sources. Open canals
or ditches are used to drain
all effluents directly to rivers
or streams.

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

  Saltwater Intrusion

The south-western coastal part of Tagbilaran City

and the island of Panglao are experiencing
withdrawal of salty water from existing wells.
Saline contamination has advanced inland to about 1.2 to 3 km.

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

  Water Scarcity
The northern and northeastern part of Bohol have
scarcity of groundwater due to its geological formation
being volcanic in nature. These municipalities are:

•Getafe
•Buenavista
•Trinidad
•San Miguel

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

Water Scarcity

Municipalities With Inadequate Water Supply During Peak

Hours and Summer Months

Alburquerque
Alicia
Antequera (3 hrs. service for rural population)
Clarin
Dauis (with iron bacteria in pipelines)
Maribojoc
Panglao
Talibon (with iron bacteria in water)
Tubigon ( 12 hrs a day; huge NRW)
Ubay (turbidity)

Source: Bohol Integrated Water Supply System Master Plan

"Everyone understands that water is essential
to life. But many are only just now beginning to
grasp how essential it is to everything in life –
food, energy, transportation, nature, leisure,
identity, culture, social norms, and virtually all
the products used on a daily basis.“

World Business Council for Sustainable

Development (WBCSD)
 How can we bring about change in people’s values?

THROUGH ADVOCATING TO STAKEHOLDERS

& PEOPLE IN THE COMMUNITY ABOUT:

ENSURING SAFETY DRINKING WATER

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
IMPORTANCE OF WATERSHEDS
SANITATION
HEALTHENDER & DEVELOPMENT
Each of us is here for a brief sojourn;
for what purpose he knows not, though
he senses it. But without deeper
reflection one knows from daily life that
one exists for other people.
- Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
WATER
POLLUTION

lean Water,
for a Clearer Tomorrow
 CAUSES

Where are all the fishes?

 •Heavy metals may cause birth
EFFECTS
defects in infants, while some are
carcinogenic.
This water is so dirty,
poor Nemo has lost his
“clownfish” look!! •Microbial pollutants from sewage
often result in infectious diseases.
Diseases such as cholera, typhoid
fever, and amoebiasis being the
primary cause of infant mortality.

•Organic matter and nutrients

causes an increase in aerobic algae
and depletes oxygen from the
water

•Suspended particles in
freshwater reduces the quality of
drinking water for humans.
PREVENTION

Steps one can do to help prevent

underground water pollution
We should do our part in
maintaining the
and pollution of our rivers and
cleanliness of water sources:
surroundings.

•Conserve water by turning off

the tap when running water is
not necessary.

•Be careful about what you

throw down your sink or toilet.
Don't throw paints, oils or other
forms of litter down the drain.

•Take great care not to overuse

pesticides and fertilizers.
PREVENTION (cont)
•Use environmentally
friendly household
products, such as
washing powder,
household cleaning
agents and toiletries.

•By having more plants in

your garden you are
preventing fertilizer,
pesticides and
contaminated water from
running off into nearby
water sources.

•Don't throw litter into

rivers, lakes or oceans.
 WATER QUALITY MONITORING

Get to know the water you drink

“Healthy Water = Healthy Life”

MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS FOUND IN GROUND WATER

Contaminant Sources to ground water Potential health effects

Coliform bacteria

Occur naturally in the environment Bacteria, viruses, and

from soils and plants and in the parasites can cause
intestines of humans and other polio, cholera, typhoid
warm-blooded animals. Used as an fever, dysentery, and
indicator for the presence of infectious hepatitis.
pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and
parasites from domestic sewage,
animal waste, or plant or soil
material.
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
CONTAMINANT SOURCES POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
A measure how much light
Turbidity Objectionable for aesthetic reasons.
can filter through the water
Following rainfall, variations in
sample.
ground-water turbidity may be an
indicator of surface contamination.

Color Can be caused by decaying Suggests that treatment is needed.

leaves, plants, organic matter, No health concerns. Aesthetically
copper, iron, and manganese, unpleasing.
which may be objectionable.
Indicative of large amounts of
organic chemicals.

Taste Some substances such as

certain organic salts produce a
taste without an odor and
can be evaluated by a taste test.
 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
CONTAMINANT SOURCES
pH Indicates, by numerical
expression, the degree to
which water is alkaline or
acidic. Represented on a scale
of 0-14 where 0 is the most
acidic, 14 is the most alkaline,
and 7 is neutral.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
High pH causes a bitter taste;
water pipes and water-using
appliances become encrusted;
depresses the effectiveness of the
disinfection of chlorine, thereby
causing the need for additional
chlorine when pH is high. Low-pH
water will corrode or dissolve
metals and other substances.

Odor Certain odors may be indicative

of organic or non-organic
contaminants that originate
from municipal or industrial
waste discharges or from
natural sources.
• Waterborne
FACTSDiseases (WBDs) are among the most common causes of
diarrhea.

• In the Philippines, diarrheal diseases for the past 20 years is the

number one cause of morbidity and mortality. Incidence rate is as high
as 1,997 per 100,000 population while mortality rate is 6.7 per
100,000 population.

• From 1993 to 2002, WBDs such as cholera & typhoid fever were the
most common outbreaks investigated by the Department of Health.

• Since most of these diseases have no specific treatment modalities, the

best approach to limit economic losses due to WBDs is prevention
through health education and strict food and water sanitation.
Effects

THESE DISEASES ARE EXTREMELY HARMFUL NOT

ONLY TO A PERSON’S
HEALTH BUT TO THEIR PRODUCTIVITY, AND TO THE
WELFARE OF THE
COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE. THEY:

• LEAD TO SEVERE ILLNESS AND MAY BE FATAL, IN

THE CASE OF A SEVERE ATTACK
• LOWER THE BODY’S RESISTANCE TO INFECTION AND
DISEASE
• LOWER THE BODY’S INTAKE OF NOURISHMENT, AND
MAY LEAD TO MALNUTRITION (ESPECIALLY IN
CHILDREN)
• DECREASE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL PRODUCTIVITY
• HAMPER CHILDREN’S’ EDUCATION
• INCREASE HEALTH EXPENDITURE
Prevention

Improving the quality of drinking water at source, at the tap, or in the

storage vessel

Interrupting the routes of transmission

Reducing diarrhea cases helps decrease the chances of fecal-oral

contamination.

Protecting food from flies interrupts the feces-flies-food route (at a

household level).

Chlorination of water interrupts the feces-fluids-food and drinking

water route (at the community level).

Increasing the quantity of water available. This allows better hygiene and
can thus prevent disease transmission from contaminated hands, food, or
household utensils.
PREVENTION (cont)

Hand washing — this is the most vital component of personal hygiene

in disease prevention. Hands should be washed with soap after
defecation and after cleaning and disposing of an infant’s feces.

Proper use of latrines by adults and children.

Proper maintenance of pumps and wells. Pipes and taps should always
be kept clean.

Good food hygiene (food is a significant breeding ground for

pathogens). Washing food prior to cooking and cooking food for long
enough at a sufficiently high temperature are both important to kill
harmful bacteria.

Disposing of organic and animal wastes properly to avoid flies

 Challenges
• Overcoming political interference in the
water & sanitation sector
• Data collection on municipal and barangay level
• Encouraging changes in work practices
as basis for Annual Investment Plans
• Improving coordination among provincial government

offices in project implementation

• Local chief executives make sanitation their priority
• Impact Monitoring
 Common Areas of Sanitation/ Sewerage Concern

1. SANITATION & WASTEWATER

CONDITION
– TYPES OF SANITATION FACILITIES
– GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION DUE
TO LEACHING
– INCIDENCE RATE OF WATERBORNE
DISEASES
 SANITATIO
N

“Promoting a culture of clean li

• THE RECEIVING WATER - RIVER,
COAST/BAY

– WASTEWATER DISCHARGE POINT

– HIGH COLIFORM CONTENT IN

GROUNDWATER
HEALTH

“Healthy Living…

Happy Living”