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Chapter Three: Sources of Water Supply
Chapter Three: Sources of Water Supply
Advantage Disadvantage
• The quality of rainwater is high, the • The high initial capital cost may prevent
collection system is independent, a family from buying the system.
• Local materials and craftsmanship can be • The water available is limited by rainfall
used in rain water system construction,
amount, duration and roof area. For
• No energy costs are needed to run the long dry seasons, the required storage
system, volume may be too high.
• Ease of maintenance by the owner or user,
• Mineral free water has a flat taste which
• Convenience and acceptability of water, and people may prefer the taste of mineral
• Valuable time is saved in collecting water. rich water.
Rain water
Lakes and reservoirs
• Store water in wet seasons for usage
in dry seasons
• It is a standing water because of this:
Quality is very low:
turbidity, bacteria and pollutants
Thermal stratification (i.e. for deep
lakes/reservoirs)
River water
• A stream or river is a body of running water
on the surface of the earth, from higher to
lower ground.
• Rivers are the only surface sources of water
from which maximum quantity of water can
be easily taken.
• River water has self-purification action
Development of rivers requires :
submerged intake structure
small diversion dams (i.e. for small streams)
Lake water
• In mountainous regions natural basins are
formed with impervious beds.
• The quantity of water in the lakes depends
on its basin capacity, catchments area,
annual rainfall, porosity of the ground etc.
• Lakes, whenever they are abundant or large,
play a major role in local water balances.
• Large lakes are immense heat reservoirs,
helping to cool the surrounding area in
summer and to warm it in winter.
Sea water
• Sea water on average contains about 3.5% salts.
• The salt percentage of lakes or land locked lakes
is usually more than the sea water, because
evaporation of water from their surfaces is
much more, due to which the percentage of salt
is increased in them.
• When there is no other source of water near to
the towns desalination [process of removing
extra sodium chloride from the water] of the
available water might be the only alternative.
Source Selection
Surface water sources Ground water sources
• Safe water yield during the drought years • Aquifer characteristics (depth, geology,
• Urbanization and land development in • Safe aquifer yield
the watershed • Permissible drawdown
• Proposed impoundments on tributaries • Water quality
• Water quality
• Source of contamination(gasoline, oil,
• Assessment of reliability chemicals)
• Requirements for construction of water • Saltwater intrusion(areas near to seas or
supply system components oceans)
• Economics of the project • Type and extent of recharge area
• Environmental impacts of the project • Rate of recharge
• Water rights • Water rights
Reservoirs capacity
Investigations for reservoir planning: Reservoirs Type and depth of overburden
capacity Location of permeable and soluble rocks
Topographic surveying – to produce a topo- if any
map which will be used as a base for Ground water conditions in the region
preparing water surface area vs elevation curve Location and quantity of materials for
plotting storage volume vs elevation the dam construction
indicating man-made and natural features Hydrological investigations
that may be affected determination of rainfall, runoff,
Geologic investigations seepage, and evaporation in the
Water tightness of the reservoir basin
reservoir catchment from long years of
data.
Suitability of foundations for the dam
These information are essential for,
Geological and structural features, such as estimating the reservoir capacity and
faults, fissures, etc design of spillway.
Mass curve method
• Reservoir capacity is determined from Step 2:- Prepare the accumulated demand
accumulated mass inflow and accumulated curve on the same scale
demand curves. Step 3:- Draw tangent lines that are parallel to
• Net Inflow = total Inflow – outflow the accumulated demand curve at the high
(evaporation, seepage, d/s flow) points of the accumulated mass curve (P1, P2,
Procedure P3, etc)
Step 1:- Prepare accumulated mass inflow Step 4:- Measure the vertical distances
curve from the stream hydrograph between the tangent lines and the mass inflow
curve (V1, V2, V3 etc.)
Step 5:- Determine the required reservoir
storage capacity as the largest of the vertical
distances (V1, V2, V3, etc.)
Analytic method
Procedure
Step1:- Calculate the net inflow from Example
the given hydrological data Compute the storage requirement
Step2:-Calculate the deficiency needed for an impounding reservoir for
(demand– net inflow) a constant draft of 23ML/km2/months
• Compute the cumulative deficiency. of 30.4days with the given monthly net
If the cumulative deficiency is river inflow for a critical year.
negative, take the cumulative
deficiency as zero
• Determine the required reservoir
capacity as the maximum cumulative
deficiency
Analytical Solution
Month Inflow Drat Com. Com. Deficiency Com. Com.
demand demand inflow deficiency surplus
1 94 23 23 94 -71 0 71
2 122 23 46 216 -99 0 170
3 45 23 69 261 -22 0 192
4 5 23 92 266 18 18 0
5 5 23 115 271 18 36 0
6 2 23 138 273 21 57 0
7 0 23 161 273 23 80 0
8 2 23 184 275 21 101 0
9 16 23 207 291 7 108 0
10 7 23 230 298 16 124 0
11 72 23 253 370 -49 75 49
12 92 23 276 462 -69 6 69
13 21 23 299 483 2 8 0
14 55 23 322 538 -32 0 32
15 33 23 345 571 -10 0 42
Graphical Solution
Safe yield from a given reservoir capacity
• Prepare the mass inflow curve. • Measure the slopes of each of
• From the apices A1, A2, A3 etc. of these tangents. The slopes indicate
the mass curve, draw tangents in the yield which can be attained in
such a way that their maximum each year from the reservoir of
departure from the mass curve given capacity. The slope of the
does not exceed the specified flattest demand line is the firm
reservoir capacity. The ordinates yield.
E1D1, E2D2, E3D3, etc. are all
equal to the reservoir capacity (say
1500ha.m)
Thank you for your attention!