MEMORY

Lampasa, Jessie Marie

Rosales, Kryzzel Adrienne
BAP 2A
Digit Span
What is memory?
• Memory is the processes involved in
retaining, retrieving, and using
information about stimuli, images,
events ideas, and skills after the
If you were asked to
original information is no longer create a “Top 10 list of
present what you use memory
for”, what would you
include?
Purposes of memory
• It retains information that is no longer present
• We use memory to remember what we need to do later in the day
• Remember facts we have learnt & use skills we have acquired
THE MODAL MODEL
OF MEMORY
Proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shriffin
 REHEARSAL: A
CONTROL
PROCESS
INPUT

SHORT TERM LONG TERM

SENSORY MEMORY MEMORY (STM) MEMORY (LTM)

OUTPUT
1. Sensory Memory – an initial
stage that holds all incoming
information for seconds or
fractions of a second.
2. Short Term Memory (STM) –
holds 5-7 items for about 15-30 3. Long Term Memory (LTM)
seconds. – can hold a large amount of
information for years/decades.
The Modal Model of Memory

control processes
Atkinson & Shriffin also
Stages of the modal model
describe the memory active processes that can be
are called the structural
features
system as controlcontrolled by the person and
processes. may differ from 1 task to
another.(example: rehearsal)
Sensory Memory
• Is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation
• Example: The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector Shutter
Sperling’s Experiment: measuring the
Visual Icon
• A) Whole report method
• B) Partial report Tone Iconic
Memory /

immediate Visual Icon

• C) Partial report tone

delayed
Echoic
memory
SHORT TERM
MEMORY
Example:
The human brain
is involved in
everything we
know about the
important things
in life, like music
and dancing
 What is the Duration of short term memory? What is the capacity of Short-Term Memory?

• Remembering 3 letters • Digit Span

• Proactive interference (forward • Chunking – Organizing pieces of
blocking - old information blocks information into a smaller number
the new) of meaningful units
• • Retroactive interference
(backward blocking - new
information blocks the old)
• • Serial position effect (remember
the stuff in the beginning and the
end but not in the middle – double
dose of interference!)
Sperling’s Experiment
How is information coded in STM?
Coding – the way information is represented

• Physiological approach to • Auditory Coding

coding • Visual Coding
• Mental Approach to coding
• Semantic Coding
References
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LhFiJd8GnE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkZNHe49GcA
• Goldstein, E. Bruce (2007) Cognitive Psychology. Belmont,CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
WORKING MEMORY

The Modern Approach to Short-

Term Memory
Alan Baddeley & Graham Hitch
Allan Baddeley- is a British psychologist known for his work
on Working Memory and in particular his "multiple
components model".

Graham Hitch- best known for his work with Alan Baddeley
in developing a Working Memory Model.

In 1974- they proposed that STM (Short-Term Memory) be

replaced by "Working Memory"
• One of the main results that led to the proposal of Working
Memory was the observation that under some conditions
participants could do TWO tasks at ONCE.
 TRY THIS!!!

6 8 1 4
READ:
Baddeley reasoned that if Short-Term Memory had a limited storage
capacity of about the length of a telephone number, filling up the storage
capacity should make it difficult to do other tasks that depend on STM. But
he found that participants could hold a short string of numbers in their
memory while carrying out another task, such as reading or even solving a
simple word problem. How are you doing with this task? What are the
numbers? What is the gist of what you have just read?
 WORKING MEMORY

• The name of short-term process should be changed

from "short-term memory" to "Working Memory"

• Working Memory- is a limited-capacity system for

temporary storage and manipulation of information for
complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and
reasoning
 Differences of STM and Working Memory

Short-Term Memory Working Memory

Is a single component Consists of a number of parts

Is concerned mainly with Is concerned with the

holding information for a manipulation of information
brief period of time that occurs during complex
cognition
 Three Components of
Working Memory:
1.Phonological Loop
2.Visuospatial Sketch Pad
3.Central Executive
Phonological Loop

– Holds the verbal and auditory information

– It represents a brief store of mainly verbal
information together with a rehearsal
mechanism.
- The Phonological Similarity Effect, Word-
Length Effect, and Articulatory Suppression
Phonological Similarity Effect

– Occurs when letters or words that

sound similar are confused.
– Conrad's experiment in which he
showed that people often confuse
similar-sounding letters.
 TRY THIS!!!
(WE HAVE MORE ACTIVITIES AND/TRY THIS STUFF SO....)

SLOWLY READ THE FOLLOWING LETTERS, LOOK AWAY AND COUNT TO 15,
THEN WRITE THEM DOWN:
G, C, B, T, V, P
-------
Now do the same thing for these letters:
F, L, K, X, Y, G
Word-Length Effect

–Occurs because it takes longer

to rehearse the long words and
to produce them during recall
–
 TRY THIS!!!

READ THE FOLLOWING WORDS, LOOK AWAY, WRITE DOWN THE WORDS
YOU REMEMBER:
Gold, Blue, Bark, Run, Cart, Earth, Dirt, Girl
-------
Now do the same thing for the following:
Facebook, Teacher, Drummer, Cabinet, Heater, Butterfly,
Perfume, Bricklayer
Articulatory Suppression

– Occurs when a person is prevented from rehearsing items to be

remembered by repeating an irrelevant sound such as "the" (the,
the, the,…)
(Baddeley, 2000b; Baddeley et al., 1984, Murray, 1968)

Three Effects:
1.It reduces the memory span
2.It eliminates the word-length effect
3.It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words
 TRY THIS!!!
(Another Activity)

READ THE FOLLOWING LIST. THEN TURN AWAY AND RECALL AS MANY
WORDS AS YOU CAN.

Resources, Mathematics, Reasoning,

Hummingbird, Hospital
-------
Now read the following list while repeating the word "THE" out loud:
Apartment, Catholicism, Syllogism,
Volleyball, Technology
Visuospatial Sketch Pad

–Visual stimuli are involved

–is responsible for the manipulation and
temporary storage of visual and spatial
information.
 TRY THIS!!!

MEMORIZE THE SENTENCE BELOW AND THEN WITHOUT LOOKING AT IT,

CONSIDER EACH WORD (IN ORDER) AND SAY "YES" IF IT IS A NOUN AND
"NO" IF IT ISN'T A NOUN.

JESSIE WENT TO THE CAFETERIA TO BUY SOME FOOD.

Central Executive

– Does most of the work of the working memory because it

coordinates the operation of the Phonological Loop and
Visuospatial Sketch Pad.
– It controls the suppression of irrelevant information
– Important when carrying out a task that involves paying
attention to relevant information while ignoring
irrelevant information.
Episodic Buffer

– Additional component to the Working Memory Model

– Is basically a "backup" store that communicates with
both Long Term Memory and the components of
Working Memory.
– It can hold information longer and has greater
capacity than the Phonological Loop or Visuospatial
Sketch Pad.
Working Memory and the
Brain
Prefrontal Cortex

– Receives input from the sensory areas, which are

involved in processing incoming visual and auditory
information
– It also receives signals from areas involved in carrying
out actions and is connected to areas in the temporal
cortex that are important for forming long-term
memories.
The Delayed-Response Task
(in Monkeys)
Conclusion/Resulted
– That the Prefrontal Cortex is important for holding
information for brief periods of time.
– The idea that the Prefrontal Cortex is important for
working memory is also supported by experiments that
have looked at how single neurons in PF cortex respond
during a brief delay
Shintaro Funahashi
and coworkers
(1989) Expriment
Neurons That Hold Information

–
Memory has the ability to record and hold information
after the original stimulus is no longer present.
–Funahashi's Experiment- conducted an experiment in
which they recorded from neurons in a monkey's PF
cortex while it carried out a delayed-response task.
–Research has also found neurons in other areas of the
brain that RESPOND during the delay In a working
memory task.
Brain Imaging in Humans

–These studies show that as a person carries out a

working memory task, activity occurs in the prefrontal
cortex, and in other areas as well (Courtney et al.,).
–Areas in the Frontal lobe and also areas in the Parietal
lobe and the Cerebellum are involved in working
memory
REFERENCES
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Baddeley
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hitch
• http://gocognitive.net/interviews/introduction-pho
nological-loop
• http://penta.ufrgs.br/edu/telelab/3/visuossk.htm