RATIO, VARIATION AND

PROPORTION
MATH10
ALGEBRA

Week 3 Day 1 Ratio, Variation and Proportion (Algebra and Trigonometry, Young 2nd Edition, page 304-313)
 Week 3 Day 1
TODAY’S OBJECTIVE

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

• Use ratio and proportion in solving problems involving them,

• Identify the different types of variation,
• Understand the difference between direct variation and
inverse variation,
• Understand the difference between combined variation and
joint variation, and
• Develop mathematical models using direct variation, inverse
variation, combined variation and joint variation.
 Week 3 Day 1

Definition
Definition
RATIO
RATIO
AAratio
ratioisisan
anindicated
indicatedquotient
quotientof
oftwo
twoquantities.
quantities.Every
Everyratio
ratioisisaa
fraction
fractionand
andallallratios
ratioscan
canbe
bedescribed
describedby bymeans
meansof ofaafraction.
fraction.
The
Theratio
ratioofofxxand
andyyisiswritten
writtenas
asxx::y,y,ititcan
canalso
alsobe
berepresented
represented
as x
as x
y
Thus, x : y 
Thus,
y
 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. Express the following ratios as simplified fractions:

a) 5 : 20
b) (x 2
 4 x  4) : (x 2
 2x  8)

2. Write the following comparisons as ratios reduced to lowest

terms. Use common units whenever possible.
a) 4 students to 8 students
b) 4 days to 3 weeks
c) 5 feet to 2 yards
d) About 10 out of 40 students took Math Plus
 Week 3 Day 1

Definition
Definition
PROPORTION
PROPORTION
AA proportion
proportionisisaastatement
statementindicating
indicatingthe
theequality
equalityof
oftwo
tworatios.
ratios.
x m, x
Thus,
Thus,  ,  m : n ,, x : y  m : n are
areproportions.
proportions.
y n y

In
Inthe
theproportion
proportionxx::yy==m
m::n,
n, xxand
andnnare
arecalled
calledthe
theextremes,
extremes,yyand
and
mmare
arecalled
calledthe
themeans.
means.xxand
andmmare
arethe
thecalled
calledthe
theantecedents,
antecedents,yy
and
andnnare
arecalled
calledthe
theconsequents.
consequents.
In
Inthe
theevent
eventthat
thatthe
themeans
meansare
areequal,
equal,they
theyare
arecalled
calledthe
themean
mean
proportional.
proportional.
 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. Find the mean proportional of 225 : x  x : 25.

2. Determine the value of x in the following proportion:

a) 2 : 5 = x : 20
x 1

b) 20  x 4
 Week 3 Day 1

Definition
Definition
VARIATION
VARIATION
AA variation
variationisisthe
thename
namegiven
givento
tothe
thestudy
studyof
ofthe
theeffects
effectsof
ofchanges
changes
among
amongrelated
relatedquantities.
quantities.
Variation
Variationdescribes
describesthe
therelationship
relationshipbetween
betweenvariables.
variables.
 Week 3 Day 1

Direct
DirectVariation
Variation
When
Whenone onequantity
quantityisisaaconstant
constantmultiple
multipleofofanother
anotherquantity,
quantity,we
wesay
say
that
thatthe
thequantities
quantitiesare
aredirectly
directlyproportional
proportional to toone
oneanother
another..
Let
Let xxand
andyyrepresent
representtwotwoquantities.
quantities.The
Thefollowing
followingare
areequivalent
equivalent
statements:
statements:
••yy==kx,
kx,where
wherekkisisaanonzero
nonzeroconstant.
constant.
••yyvaries
variesdirectly
directlywith
withx.x.
••yyisisdirectly
directlyproportional
proportionalto
tox.x.
The
Theconstant
constantkkisiscalled
calledthe
theconstant
constantof
ofvariation
variationor
orthe
theconstant
constantof
of
proportionality.
proportionality.

Definition page 304

 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

Write an equation that describes each variation.

17. d is directly proportional to t. d=r when t=1.

19. V is directly proportional to both l and w. V=6h when w=3 qnd h=4.

24. W is directly proportional to both R and the square of I. W=4 when

R=100 and I=0.25.
(Exercises page 309)
 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. In the United States, the costs of electricity is directly proportional

to the number of kilowatt hours (kWh) used. If a household in
Tennessee on average used 3098 kWh per month and had an
average monthly electric bill of $179.99, find a mathematical model
that gives the cost of electricity in Tennessee in terms of the
number of kWh used. (Example 1 page 304)
2. Hooke’s Law states that the force needed to keep a spring stretched
x units beyond its natural length is directly proportional x. Here the
constant of proportionality is called a spring constant.
a) Write Hooke’s Law as an equation.
b) If a spring has a natural length of 10 cm and a force of 40 N is
required to maintain the spring stretched to a length of 15 cm, find
the spring constant.
c) What force is needed to keep the spring stretched to a length of
14cm? ( Exercise 23 page 191 from Algebra & Trig. by Stewart, Redlin & Watson,
2nd edition)
 Week 3 Day 1

Direct
DirectVariation
Variationwith
withPowers
Powers
Let
Let xxand
andyyrepresent
representtwo
twoquantities.
quantities.The
Thefollowing
followingare
areequivalent
equivalent
statements:
statements:
••y  kx n
,,where
wherekkisisaanonzero
nonzeroconstant.
constant.
••yyvaries
variesdirectly
directlywith
withthe
thenth
nthpower
powerof
ofx.x.
••yyisisdirectly
directlyproportional
proportionalto
tothe
thenth
nthpower
powerofofx.x.

Definition page 305

 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. A brother and sister have weight (pounds) that varies as the cube of
the cube of height (feet) and they share the same proportionality
constant . The sister is 6 feet tall and weighs 170 pounds. Her
brother is 6’4” tall. How much does he weigh?
(Your Turn page 306)
 Week 3 Day 1

Inverse
InverseVariation
Variation
Let
Let xxand
andyyrepresent
representtwo twoquantities.
quantities.The
Thefollowing
followingare
areequivalent
equivalent
statements:
statements:
k
•• y  ,,where
where kkisisaanonzero
nonzero constant.
constant.
x
•• yyvaries
variesinversely
inverselywith withx.x.
•• yyisisinversely
inverselyproportional
proportionalto tox.x.
The
Theconstant
constantkkisiscalled
calledthe
theconstant
constantof
ofvariation
variationor
orthe
theconstant
constantof
of
proportionality.
proportionality.

Definition page 306

 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. The number of potential buyers of a house decreases as the price of

the house increases (see the graph on the below). If the number of
potential buyers of a house in a particular city is inversely
proportional to the price of the house, find a mathematical
equation that describes the demand for the houses as it relates to
the price. How many potential buyers will there be for a $2 million
house? (Example 3 page 306)

Demand (number of potential buyers)

1000  (100,1000)
800

600

 (200,500)
400

 (400,250)


200
(600,167)

200 400 600 800

Price of the house (in thousands of dollars)
 Week 3 Day 1

Inverse
InverseVariation
Variationwith
withPowers
Powers
k
If x and y are related by the equation y  n , then we say that y varies
x
inversely with the nth power of x, or y is inversely proportional
to the nth power of x.

Definition page 307

 Week 3 Day 1

Joint
JointVariation
Variationand
andCombined
CombinedVariation
Variation
••When
Whenone
onequantity
quantityisisproportional
proportionalto tothe
theproduct
productof
oftwo
twoor
ormore
moreother
other
quantities,
quantities,the
thevariation
variationisiscalled
calledjoint
jointvariation.
variation.

Example:
Example: Simple
Simpleinterest
interestwhich
whichisisdefined as I  Pr t
definedas

••When
Whendirect
directvariation
variationand
andinverse
inversevariation
variationoccur
occurat
atthe
thesame
sametime,
time,the
the
variation
variationisiscalled
calledcombined
combinedvariation.
variation.
T
Example:
Example: Combined
Combinedgas
gaslaw
lawin
inchemistry,
chemistry, P  k
V

Definition page 307

 Week 3 Day 1
EXAMPLE

1. The gas in the headspace of a soda bottle has a volume of 9.0 ml,
pressure of 2 atm (atmospheres), and a temperature of 298K
(standard room temperature of 77⁰F). If the soda bottle is stored in
a refrigerator, the temperature drops to approximately 279K (42⁰F).
What is the pressure of the gas in the headspace once the bottle is
chilled?
(Example 4 page 308)
 Week 3 Day 1
SUMMARY

Direct, inverse, joint and combined variation can be used to

model the relationship between two quantities. For two
quantities x and y we say that:
• y is directly proportion al to x if y  kx.

k
• y is inversely proportional to x if y  .
x

Joint variation occurs when one quantity is directly proportional to

two or more quantities.

Combined variation occurs when one quantity is directly

proportional to one or more quantities and inversely
proportional to one or more other quantities.
 Week 3 Day 1

CLASSWORK

#s page 20, 27,46,53 page 309-310

HOMEWORK

#s 22, 32, 33,36, 37, 39,40,42,43,47 page 309-313