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NS Eqn VKH
NS Eqn VKH
OF FLUID FLOW
• DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED
KNOWLEDGE OF A FLOW FIELD
dV
dA
DBsys
bdV bV n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs
DBsys
bdV bV n̂dA
Dt t
cv cs
b = B/m = m/m = 1
dV V n̂dA 0
t cv cs
Time rate of Time rate of change
Net rate of flow of
change of the of the mass of the
mass through the
mass of the contents of the
control surface
coincident system coincident control
volume
dV xyz
t cv t
V n̂dA v
cs v x z
y
x y z
w
w x y x y z
z
u y z K
y
u
x u y z x y z
j x
i z
w x y
v x z
dV V n̂dA 0
t cv cs
xyz u y z v x z w x y u y z
t
u v w
x y z v x z x y z w x y x y z 0
x y z
u v w
xyz x y z x y z x y z 0
t x y z
u v w
0
t x y z
u v w
0
t x y z
u v w
u v w 0
t x x y y z z
u v w
u v w 0
t x y z x y z
D
Dt
.V̂ 0
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
VdV VV n̂dA Fcontents of
t cv cs control volume
RATE AT RATE AT SUM OF THE
RATE OF
INCREASE OF - WHICH x- + WHICH x- = X-COMP
MOMENTUM MOMENTUM FORCES
x-MOMENTUM ENTERS APPLIED TO
ENTERS FLUID IN CV
u
x-momentum VdV xyz
t cv t
uw
u w x y x y z
z
y u u y z
u 2
u u y z x
x y z
K
j
x
i z
u w x y u v x z
u
xyz u u y z u v x z u w x y
t
u u y z
u 2 x y z u v x z
uv
x y z
x y
uw
u w y z x y z LHS
z
Du LHS
Dt x y z
yy
yx
xx
xx y z x y z
xx y z x
y
K
x P
P yz x y z
P y z j x
i z
yx x z
Du P xx yx zx
fx CAUCHY’S EQN
Dt x x y z
u v u w
xx 2
u 2
.V̂ xy xz
z x
x 3 y x
Stoke’s relation Kinematic relations
Du
Dt
P u 2
2 y uy xv z uz wx f x
.V̂
x x x 3
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
u v w
2
f x
.V̂
Dt x 2
y 2
z x x y z
2
3
x-momentum
2u 2u 2u
Du
Dt
P
x
x 2
2
2
x 3
.V̂
fx
y z
y-momentum
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
.V̂ f y
Dt x
2
y 2
z y 3
2
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
f x
.V̂
Dt x 2
y 2
z x 3
2
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
f y
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2
z y 3
2
DV̂
Dt
2
P V̂ .V̂ f
3
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
DV̂
Dt
2
P V̂ .V̂ f
3
VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
DV̂ 2
P V̂ f
Dt
DV̂
P f EULER’S EQN
Dt
u u u u p
u v w g
t x y z x
udu dp gdz
u2
P gz C
2
2
p u
gz C
2
D
Dt
.V̂ 0
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
.V̂
fx
Dt x
2
y 2
z x 3
2
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
f y
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2 z 2 y 3
• Steady flow
• Incompressible
• Two dimensional (Z is infinite)
D
Dt
.V̂ 0
Incompressible - .V̂ 0
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
.V̂
fx
Dt x
2
y 2
z x 3
2
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
f y
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2 z 2 y 3
1 P
0 P = P(x) ; u = u (y)
z
d 2 u 1 dP
Integrating w.r.t y
dy 2 d x
du 1 dP
y A 1 dP y 2
dy d x u Ay B
dx 2
1 dP y 2
u Ay B
dx 2
1 dP h 2 Ah
0 B
dx 8 2
1 dP h 2 Ah
0 B Adding both the equations
dx 8 2
1 dP h 2
B ; A0
dx 8
h 2 dP
2
y
u 1 4 Parabolic profile
8 d x h
2
h dP
u umax ;y0
8 d x
y
2
u umax 1 4
h
Average Velocity h 2 dP y
2
u 1 4
8 d x h
umax u h h 4
h/2
4 y3 h 3 h 3 umax 8h
uavg y 2 max 2 h
h 3h h 2 2 3h 8 8 h 3 8
h / 2
2 3
uavg u max umax uavg
3 2
2
Shear Stress Distribution y
u umax 1 4
h
du du
u y is NEGATIVE
dy y h / 2 dy
du du
u y is POSITIVE
dy y h / 2 dy
2y umax 4 h 2 dP h dP
umax . 4. 4 . . .
h2 h h 8 dx 2 dx
y h/ 2
or
umax 3 1 6 uavg
4 4 . uavg .
h 2 h h
6 uavg h dP
.
h 2 dx
1 2
x2 P2
6 uavg
h
dx
dP
x1 P1
12 uavg L
P1 P2
h2
Local Friction Coefficient
w
6 uavg 2
Cf h/ 2 . 12
2 h 2
uavg uavg uavg h
2
12 uavg h
Cf Re
Re
• Steady flow
• Incompressible
• Two dimensional (Z is infinite)
Boundary conditions: y = 0 ; u = 0; y = h ; u = U
1 dP y 2
u Ay B
dx 2
Boundary conditions: y = 0 ; u = 0; y = h ; u = U
y = 0 ; u = 0; B = 0
1 dP h 2 U 1 dP h
Ah ; A h d x 2
y=h; u =U
U
dx 2
1 dP y 2 U 1 dP U h2 dP y y
u y hy u y
dx 2 h 2 d x 1
h 2 d x h h
h 2 dP y
2 COUETTE FLOW VELOCITY
U y
u y
h 2 d x h h DISTRIBUTION
U h2 dP y y
u y 1
h 2 d x h h
U h 2 dP y y u y h 2 dP y y
u y 1 ; 1
h 2 d x h h U h 2 U dx h h
u y y y h2 dP
1
2 U dx
U h h h
h2 dP
0 0
2 U dx
h 2 dP
0 0
2 U dx
P x Direction of Flow
1
uavg U
2 6
STEADY FLOW IN PIPES
v v v v vr v v
vr vz 1 1 P 2 v 2 v r
2
r r z r r r 2 r
v zv v z v z 1 P
vr vz 2 v z
r r z z
2 1 1 2 2
2
r 2 r r r 2 2 z 2
v r v 0 ; v z v z r
v r 1 v v z v v z
Continuity equation r 0 0
r r z r z
1 dP 2 1 dP 2
0 R B B R
4 dz 4 dz
1 dP 2 A
vz r ln r B
4 dz
1 dP 2 1 dP 2
vz r R
4 dz 4 dz
R 2 dP
2
r Paraboloid of revolution
vz 1
4 dz R
Maximum Velocity
R 2 dP
2 R 2 dP
vz
r
1 ;r 0 v z max
4 dz R
4 dz
2
r
v z v z max 1
R
2 R R R
Average Velocity 1 2 2
v zavg
R2
v z r dr d R 2 v z r dr
R2
v z r dr
0 0 0 0
R 2 R
2 v z max r 2v z max r3 2 v z max R2 R4
v zavg
R2
1 r dr
R
R2
r
dr
R 2 R2
2
2
4 R
0 0
2 v z max R 2 v z max R 2 dP
v zavg
R2 4 2 8 dz
Volumetric flow rate
R 4 dP
Q R 2 v zavg
8 dz
Shear Stress
R 2 dP
dv z dv z 2
vz r is NEGATIVE r
dr r R dr vz 1
4 dz R
dv z R 2 dP 1
2 R R dP
dr r R 4 dz R 2
2 dz
v zavg
R 2 dP R v zavg 8 4 v zavg
8 dz
2 R2 R
Skin friction coefficient
4 v zavg
rz R
Cf 8 16
2 2
v zavg v zavg v R
zavg v D
zavg
2 2
16
Cf
Re D
Friction Factor
64
f 4C f
Re D