WELCOME

Presented on: Observation Method

Group: 02
 Presented by
➔ Ibnul Hossain (1902008)
➔ Miftahul Jannat Farjana (1902009)
➔ Hanium Maria (1902012)
➔ Asfi Raian Antor (1902013)
➔
➔
Md. Billal Hossain (1902014)
Ayesha Siddika (1902015)
Submitted to
➔ Abdullah-Hill-Kafi Ahmed (1902016)
➔ Eshtiak Ahmed (1902049)
Syeda Zakia Nayem
Lecturer, Department of Education
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Digital University, Bangladesh
 INTRODUCTION
 Observation is one method for collecting research data. It involves watching
a participant and recording relevant behaviour for later analysis.
 Albert Bandura, a psychologist and learning theorist who first proposed
social learning theory can be credited for first having noted observational
learning
 It is a powerful tool of psychological enquiry.
 Deliberate and purposeful.
 MEANING & DEFINITION
 The word observation has been derived from the latin word
‘observare’ which means “to keep open”, “to look outside.”
 Observation is the systematic process of recording the behavioral
patterns of people, objects, and occurrences without questioning or
communicating with them.
 In the words of P.V. Young, “Observation may be defined as
systematic viewing, coupled with consideration of seen
phenomenon.”
Observation is useful when…
 You want direct information.
 You are trying to understand an ongoing behavior, process, unfolding
situation, or event.
 There is physical evidence, products, or outcomes that can be readily
seen.
 Written or other data collection methods seem inappropriate.
 Stages of Observation
➢ Selection: Selecting a particular aspect of observation.
➢ Recording: To keep an account about the observed aspect in writing
or some other permanent form.
➢ Analysis: Examining the element or structure of the observed aspects
in detail.
➢ Interpretation: Explaining the aspects of the observation or
providing measurements.
 Types Of Observation
1. Naturalistic Observation
2. Controlled Observation
3. Structured & Unstructured Observation
4. Participant & Non-Participant Observation
 Naturalistic Observation
 Observing people in their normal environment.
 Often used in the study of animal behavior.
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
★ Used to generate new ideas. ★ Not possible to observe all
★ The entire situation can be types of behaviour in a natural
studied. setting.
★ More insight is gained. ★ Many instances of behaviour
do not repeat themselves.
 Controlled Observation
 Carried out in a laboratory.
 The observer decides where the observation takes place, at what time and
under what circumstances.
 Standardized procedures are used.
 Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be easily replicated by other • Participants behave
researchers by using the same differently since they
observation schedule. know they are being
• Observer can have control over observed.
variables.
• A less time consuming method
compared to naturalistic
observation.
 Structured Observation
 Also called Systematic Observation.
 Coding scheme is used by researchers.
 It is a data collecting method in which researchers gather data without direct
involvement with the participants.

Example:
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
 Greater control of sampling.  Language and cultural barrier.
 Measurement of error.  People may behave unnaturally
 Permits stronger generalization as they know that they are being
and checks on reliability and observed.
validity.
 Similar to a survey but questions
are not asked.
 Unstructured Observation
 Involves the researchers recording the behaviour they can see.
 It Provides rich qualitative data
 It Can be difficult without the use of recording equipment.For example,
observing children playing with their new toys, field
observations or surveys.
 Participant & Non Participant Observation
In participant observations, researcher participate the interactions between
participants.
--We can get an in-depth picture of behavior.
--Observer may bias participants’ behaviors.
In non-participant observations, researcher does not participate the
interactions between participants.
--We can get a more limited picture of behavior
--Observer cannot bias participants’ behaviors
 Conclusion
❖ Though method of observation has many limitations yet it is
considerably used in child psychology, education psychology and
education.
❖ So this method has helped the application of psychology to education
and wherever possible it should be supplemented by the use of
experimental procedure.