CHAPTER FOUR

FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT
 Objectives:

• At the end of this chapter, the student

should be able to:
• Define the common terms used in the
management process
• List down the expected functions of a
nurse manager
 Cont:

• Discuss the concepts of each function

using some examples
• Describe the effect of delegation on the
manager’s
• responsibility for the delegated functions.
 Definitions

• Planning – determining the long-and

short-term objectives (ends) of the
institution or unit and the actions (means)
that must be taken to achieve these
objectives.
• Staffing- Selecting the personnel to carry
out these actions and placing them in
positions appropriate to their knowledge
and skills
 Cont:

• Organizing- Mobilizing human and

material resources so institutional
objectives can be achieved.
• Directing- Motivating and leading
personnel to carry out the actions needed
to achieve the institution’s objectives.
 Cont:

• Controlling- Comparing results with

predetermined standards of performance
and taking corrective action when
performance deviates from these
standards.
• Decision Making- Identifying a problem,
searching for solutions, and selecting the
alternative that best achieves the
decision maker’s objectives.
 Management Functions of a Nurse
Manager

• Success of management depends on

learning and using the management
functions. These functions include
planning, organizing, staffing, directing,
coordinating and controlling. These
functions represent these activities
expected of managers in all fields.
Managers develop skill in the
implementation of these functions as they
gain experience in the role of managers.
 Planning

• Planning is a technical managerial

function that enables organizations to
deal with the present and anticipate the
future. It is the first and fundamental
function of management because all other
management functions are dependent on
it.
 Cont:

• Planning is deciding what is to be done,

when it is to be done, how it is to be done
and who is to do it. It is an orderly
process that gives organizational
direction. Planning is the process of
determining how the organization can get
where it wants to go. Planning is the
process of determining exactly what the
organization will do to accomplish its
objectives.
 Purpose of planning

• It gives direction to the organization.

• It improves efficiency
• It eliminates duplication of efforts.
• It concentrates resources on important
services.
• It reduces guess work. It improves
communication and coordination of
activities
 The planning hierarchy

• Planning responsibilities are different for

managers at each organizational level.
• Strategic planning
• Top-level managers, formulate long-term
strategic planning to reinforce the firm’s
mission (the mission clarifies
organizational purpose) Strategic plans
are specified for five years period
 Operational planning

• Operational planning is accomplished by

first-line managers. Operational planning
is most concerned with budgets, quotas
and schedules. These are refinements of
tactical objectives in which work is
defined and results are measured in small
increments. Time horizon for operational
planning is very short. Most plans at this
level reflect operational cycles.
 Cont:

• Operational objective are:

• Narrow in scope
• Short-lived
• Subject to sudden change.
 Characteristics of objectives

• Well-defined objectives have several

Characteristics. They are:
• Specific
• Measurable
• Realistic and challenging
• Defined time period
 Communicate plans

• Planning requires clear and effective

communication at all levels before
performance begins to mirror
expectations. Objectives are written and
plans are documented to give employees
direction. Managers communicate plans
into two categories:
 Cont:

• A. Standing use plans- are those that are

used on a continuous basis to achieve
consistently repeated objectives. Standing
plans take the form of:
• Policies
• Procedures
• Rules
 Policies:

• A standing plan that furnishes broad

guidelines for channeling management
thinking toward taking action consistent
with reaching organizational objectives. It
provides guidelines for behavior. Policies
are also instruments of delegation that
alert subordinates to their obligations.
Effective policy statements are clear,
understandable, stable overtime, and
communicated to everyone involved.
 Procedures

• a standing plan that outlines a series of

related actions that must be taken to
accomplish a particular task. It is an
explicit set of actions, oftensequential in
nature, required to achieve a well defined
result. Formal procedures provide
specific and detailed instructions for the
execution of plans.
 B. Single use plans-are

• those that are used once to achieve unique

objectives or objectives that are seldom
repeated. They are communicated
through:
• Programs
• Budget
• Schedule
 Approaches to planning

• There are three distinct approaches that

describe who has the responsibility for
formulating plans:
• Centralized top down planning- is the
traditional approach to planning in which a
centralized group of executives or staff
assumes the primary planning
responsibility.
• Bottom-up planning- is an approach that
delegates planning authority to division
and department managers, who are
expected to
 Cont:

• Team planning- is a participative

approach to planning where by planning
teams comprising managers and staff
specialties initiate plans and formulate
organizational objectives.
 There are six steps in the organizing
process:

• 1. Establish overall objectives

• 2. Formulate supporting objectives,
policies and plans
• 3. Identify and classify activities
necessary to accomplish the objectives
• 4. Group the activities in light of the
human and material resources available
and the best way of using them under the
circumstances
 Cont:

• 5. Delegate to the head of each group and

the authorities necessary to perform the
activities
• 6. Tie the groups together horizontally
and vertically, through authority
relationships, and information systems.
 Cont:

• Five criteria for sound objectives in a

management area have been established.
• Acceptable
• Attainable
• motivational,
• simple.
• communicated
 Delegation

• Delegation : is the process of assigning

part or all of one person’s responsibility
to another person or persons. Delegating
is an effective management competency
by which nurse managers get the work
done through the employees The purpose
of delegation is efficiency.
 Barriers to Delegating

• Preference for operating by oneself

• Demand that everyone “know all the
details”
• Lack of experience in the job or in
delegating
• Insecurity
• Fear of being disliked
• Refusal to allow mistakes
• Lack of confidence in subordinates
 Cont:

• Barriers in the Delegatee

• Lack of experience
• Lack of competence
• Avoidance of responsibility
• Over dependence on the boss
• Overload of work