Durability, Oxidation,

Corrosion and Degradation

• Laura García
• Juan Triviño
• Andrés Salazar
• Cristian Álvarez
There are several ways that degrade Materials.
• Radiation and heat
• Aggressive chemicals: acids, alkalis.
• Mechanical stress.
• Polymers : degrades in the presence of organic solvents, It is degraded even in the
presence of pure water.

This chapter describes ways that materials corrode , as measured and that can be
done to prevent and control it.
Oxidation, Inflammability
and Photodegradation
OXIDATION

• Thermochemical techniques, electrochemical synthesis and allows these

oxides can refine materials used in engineering, but are not generally
oxides.
• safe design for high temperature, we need to understand oxidation rates
OXIDATION RATES
• Amount of oxide adhering to the metal

(Platinum suspension cable oven temperature T,Shows, sensible balance.)

OXIDATION RATES

Oxidation rates: linear weight gain, linear parabolic gain and loss. (Gain or weight loss).
Inflammability
• Most polymers are inherent flammable
• To different degrees: some spontaneously burn if they are on; others have self-
extinguishing property, burning only when they are directly exposed to fire.
• LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index)
LOI
• Is the concentration of oxygen needed to keep burning at a stable level.
• A polymer with a low oxygen index of this free burn in air.
• A polymer with a higher oxygen rate will be extinguished unless a fire is put
- in that case it burns
UL (Underwriters Laboratory)
Photodegradation
• Polymers and elastomers are aged when exposed to light (particularly UV
rays) and oxygen.
• Loss of strength, stiffness and toughness, discoloration and loss of gloss
• PP, ABS, PS, PET, PMMA, PC
 ¿What causes photodegradation
• Photodegradation cause a change in the physical and optical properties of the polymer, making it
brittle and if it is transparent, making white or gray.
• benzophenone ultraviolet absorbers such as benzotriazole or function by preferentially absorb UV
radiation
Oxidation Mechanisms

• The driving force of a material to rust is rust free energy

M (metal) + O (oxygen) -> MO(oxide) + energy

Oxidation mechanisms. (A) Growth for metal diffusion and electron conduction (b) Growth oxygen diffusion and voids.
Key Words
• OXIDATION RATES: Amount of oxide adhering to the metal
• LOI: Limiting Oxygen Index.
• UL: Underwriters Laboratory.
• Photodegradation: Change in the physical and optical properties of the polymer, making it brittle
and if it is transparent, making white or gray.
Making materials that resist oxidation

Elements for heaters, furnace components, power

generation and chemical engineering plants
If it is a pure metal that you want it has to be platinum, but if
you want something more affordable, it has to be an alloy
 Oxides are stable at high temperature. One way to provide
high-temperature protection is to coat metals like cast irons,
steels or nickel alloys with an oxide coating
There is another way to give oxidation resistence to metals, and it is one that repairs
itself if damaged. The oxides of chromium (Cr2O3), of aluminum (Al2O3), of
titanium (TiO2) and of silicon (SiO2) have very high melting points, so the diffusion
of either the metal or oxygen through them is very slow

Anodized films accept a wide range of colored dyes, giving them a decorative as
well as a protective function
 Flammability
How do polymers burn and how do you stop them?
Combustion is an exothermic reaction in which hydrocarbons are
oxidized to CO2 and H2O

Combustion is a gas-phase reaction; the polymer or its descomposition

products must become gaseous for a fire to begin
The temperature rise during a fire
 What causes photo-degradation?
Commercial polymers are long-chain, high molecular weight hydrocarbons.
When exposed to radiation chemical reactions are triggered that change their
chemical composition and molecular weight. These reactions, called photo-
oxidation or photo-degradation

Hear can trigger degradation in an oxygen containing atmosphere

 CORROSION
Acids, alkalis, water and organic
solvents
 Acids, alkalis and aqueous liquids
Strong acids like H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), HNO3 (nitric acid) and HCl
(hydrochloric acid) are widely used in the chemical industry. So too are
strong alkalis like NaOH (cautic soda)

Water is nearly as bad. Even when pure, water causes corrosion if

oxygen is available
 Organic solvents
Metals, ceramics and glasses are largely immune to them, and
some polymers can tolerate some organic liquids without
problems.
 Corrosion mechanisms
Ions in solution and pH:
Electrochemical reactions

• Acid and alkali corrosion is an electrochemical

reaction .
Potential Equilibrium
 
Resistant materials at low pH.

There lead-lined containers which are used to process because sulfuric acid is protected lead sulfate .
• Localized Corrosion .
Is an attack on the surface of a metal in areas or small areas .

Friction Cavitation
Galvanic Corrosion
It occurs when two different metals or alloys are in direct contact.

Intergranular Corrosion
They are subjected for prolonged periods at temperatures between 427-871 ° C .
Stress corrosion
Combined action tensile stress and a corrosive environment.

It manifests itself in the form of cracks and fissures that penetrate perpendicularly to
the direction of maximum tensile stress .
 FIGHTING CORROSION

An electrochemical
cell is a device
capable of obtaining
electrical energy
from chemical
reactions, or
chemical reactions
through the
introduction of
electricity.
 FIGHTING CORROSION
Corrosion industry requires the use of large sums of money to
protect and repair their facilities. defray the enormous costs
involved in implementing various protection methods such as:

• Cathodic protection
• Anodic protection
• Protective coatings
• Metal coatings
• Using inhibitors
 CATHODIC PROTECTION
It is a technique for controlling the galvanic corrosion of a metal surface making it the cathode of an electrochemical
cell. The simplest method to apply CP is by connecting the metal to be protected another more easily corrodible by
acting as an electrochemical cell anode metal.

• Galvanic cathodic protection :

• Current impressed protection cathodic:

• Cathodic protection located :

 GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION
ANODE GALVANIC OR SACRIFICIAL ANODE

The polarizing current, supplied anodes which wear benefit of Corrosion current
the structure ( Cathode ) remains unchanged.

Corrosion Protected
area

Corrosion cell

Ground bed

Protection Protection

Cathodic corrosion sacrificial anode

 GALVANIC CATHODIC PROTECTION
ANODE GALVANIC OR SACRIFICIAL ANODE
 CURRENT IMPRESSED PROTECTION CATHODIC

For larger structures , galvanic

anodes can not economically deliver
enough current to provide complete
protection.
The cathodic current forced
protection ( CIPC ) system uses an
anode connected to a DC ( cathodic
protection rectifier ) .
CURRENT IMPRESSED PROTECTION CATHODIC

CIPC anodes for solid systems are tubular and

rod-shaped or continuous ribbons of various
specialized materials . These include silicon cast
iron, graphite , mixed metal oxide , platinum and
niobium coated wire and others
 ANODIC PROTECTION
It is a method that involves coating a metal with a thin oxide layer
to not corrode . There are metals such as aluminum which on
contact with the air are able to spontaneously generate this oxide
layer and become resistant to corrosion.

Fortunately electrochemical tests in the laboratory can give an

accurate assessment of the corrosion behaviour, and the operating
parameters for a specific anodic protection system can be
obtained .

Finally the anodic protection is :

• Suitable for active-passive alloys (e.g. stainless steel, nickel
alloys, titanium)
• Requires a broad potential range for passivity
• Need sizable/expensive electrical equipment
• Risky if potential “slips” into the active/pitting region
• Used often for very aggressive solutions when other methods
fail, e.g. for protection of tanks storing of strong acids (e.g.
sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric).
 PASSIVE PROTECTION INSULATING COATINGS

In modern industry , many types of insulating coatings

are used: Resins , asphalt , vinyl paints, etc. In all
resistivity values ​, flexibility , adhesion , softening point ,
water absorbency , etc. , play an important role in the
selection of this kind of protection

The oxide can occur even under a perfectly applied

paint , if the time of exposure to moisture is long
enough . However , the surface cleaning and
preparation of this , it is essential for good
protection .
 CONCLUSIONS
• Almost the same amount of money has been spent on corrosion research in
cancer research, since it has such a harmful effect on the economy.

• All involve electrochemical reactions or free radical reactions. In the

oxidation of metals, the metal is ionized, releasing electrons; electrons are
combined with oxygen molecules to oxygen ions give, in turn, combine
with metal ions of an oxide to form.

• The diffusion resistance and ability to adhere to the metal surface

determine its protective capacity.

• If a metal with a low reduction potential is in electrical contact with

another with a higher potential, it corrupts the first and the second is
protected.

• In the design of materials to resist corrosion, we rely on the ability of some

of them: chromium, aluminum, silicon and titanium to form a protective
oxide layer that adheres strongly to the surface. Using these alloying
elements, we can give the same protection as other metals.

• Alternatively, it can protect metals with layers of polymer or ceramic which

are corrosion resistant.