BIOETHIC

GROUP THREE
 OUR MEMBERS
SLIDE 2

1 AHMAD FAKHRI

Genetic 2 ADELA PUTRI

Modified
Organism and 3 NOVIKA PUTRI

Biological 4 YORASHKI ANANTA

Weapons
5 AZIZAH AMATU ZIKRAH

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 Genetic Modified
SLIDE 3
Organism

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material
has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This
creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in
nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods. Based on structure and strategy
which is used in reconstructing GMO, GMO in plants classified into 4 generations,
namely: first generation: one trait; second generation: collection of traits; third and
fourth generation: near-intragenics, intragenics, and cisgenics (Lin & Pan, 2016)

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 Animals
SLIDE 4

GlowFish - Glowing Fish GloFish is one example of GMO

animals that are genetically engineered. This fish is
developed from the United States, which manipulates
DNA from zebrafish (Danio rerio) with the green
flourescent protein coding gene from gfp (green
flourescent protein). But phenotypically, the color
produced is not only green but yellow to red (Pray, 2008).

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 Plants
SLIDE 5
Corn (field & sweet)
The GM version of field corn protects the crop against corn rootworms and the Asian corn borer. Like
GM field corn, GM sweet corn also protects the crop against destructive pests.
Soybeans
The GM soybean plant is resistant to pests and disease as well as being tolerant of herbicides that are
most effective, allowing for less herbicide use overall.
Cotton
GM cotton requires fewer pesticides and protects against the cotton bollworm.
Canola
Canola has been modified through biotechnology to make it tolerant to some herbicides. This allows for
a reduced amount of chemicals needed for weed control. The modified plant also has resistance to pests
and fungus.
Alfalfa

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The GM version of alfalfa is tolerant of some herbicides, allowing for a reduced amount of
chemicals needed for weed control.
Sugar Beets
The GM sugar beet has increased tolerance to some herbicides, allowing for a reduced
amount of chemicals needed for weed control. GM sugar beets also have virus and pest
resistance traits.
Papaya
The GM version of papaya makes the plant resistant to the prevalent Papaya Ringspot
Virus.
Squash
GM squash has traits that improve the plant’s defense against viruses.
Arctic Apple
Developed by Okanagan Specialty Fruits of British Columbia, Canada, this new fruit was
developed by turning off the enzyme in apples that cause them to brown when cut, bruised
or bitten.
Innate Potato
This new potato that resists browning and has fewer unsightly wasteful bruises has been
approved by the USDA for commercial planting.
 Mikrobiology
SLIDE 7

Genetically modified microbes can be used as vaccines to protect against infectious diseases of
animals, including man. Pathogens that have been weakened by alteration of their genetic
material, or microbes that do not cause disease, can be engineered to produce foreign antigens
to stimulate host defences without causing harm. Many such vaccines have now been licensed
or approved, and more are being developed. For example, a recombinant vaccinia virus has
been used in Europe to vaccinate foxes against rabies, and a herpesvirus of turkey (HVT), used
as a vaccine to protect chickens against Marek’s disease, has been engineered to produce
antigens from Newcastle disease (ND) virus and infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus and is
being used to protect poultry against all three agents in a single dose. This technology can now
be applied to develop genetically modified microbes that induce greater protection, longer-
lasting immunity, or which are more stable or cross-reactive.

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 Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat

BIOLOGICA agents", or "bio-agents") are living organisms or replicating entities

(viruses, which are not universally considered "alive") that reproduce or
replicate within their host victims. Entomological (insect) warfare is
also considered a type of biological weapon. This type of warfare is

L distinct from nuclear warfare and chemical warfare, which together with
biological warfare make up NBC, the military initialism for nuclear,
biological, and chemical warfare using weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs). None of these are considered conventional weapons, which

WEAPONS are deployed primarily for their explosive, kinetic, or incendiary

potential.
Biological weapons may be employed in various ways to gain a strategic
or tactical advantage over the enemy, either by threats or by actual
deployments. Like some chemical weapons, biological weapons may also
be useful as area denial weapons. These agents may be lethal or non-
lethal, and may be targeted against a single individual, a group of people,
or even an entire population. They may be developed, acquired,
stockpiled or deployed by nation states or by non-national groups. In the
latter case, or if a nation-state uses it clandestinely, it may also be
considered bioterrorism.
Reference :
[ Wheelis M, Rózsa L, Dando M (2006). Deadly Cultures: Biological
Weapons Since 1945. Harvard University Press. pp. 284–293, 301–303.
ISBN 978-0-674-01699-6.]
Animal diseases used as weapons
Sixty percent of human diseases come from animal
agents and 80 percent of the agents that could be used

ANIMAL
for bio terrorism are of animal origin, said Bernard
Vallat, director general of the World Organisation for
Animal Health (OIE).

S
"History has shown that animal diseases have often
been used as weapons before. Advances in genetics can
now make them even more harmful. So we are calling
for further investment to be made at national level on
bio security," Vallat told reporters at a conference on
biological threat reduction.
Diseases have spread from animals to humans for millennia, with latest examples including the bird flu virus that has
killed hundreds of people around the globe.
The OIE and the WHO warned that animal disease agents could escape naturally, accidentally but also intentionally
from laboratories, to be used as bio weapons.
Earlier during the conference Kenneth Myers, Director of the U.S. Defence Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), part of
the Department of Defence, stressed the need for international collaboration to avoid the loss of biological material.
this concept of using animals as biological weapons is very old and even today research on this topic is carried out by
many countries. In 14th century in Asia Minor plague which was spread through fleas also known as black death was
the on the of earliest event of using insect as biological weapons it was used in Crimean against the city of Kaffa [1].
Another earliest use of insects as biological weapons by earliest humans was the use of bees for direct attack [2,3].
Japan and many other countries were accused of using Entomological warfare in World War 2. The only verified use
of Entomological warfare on large scale is by Japanese against Chinese in World War 2. It is type of biological
warfare [4]. In EW insect are used as a direct attack or used as vectors to spread disease through specific biological
agent
Peterson RKD (1990) The role of insects as a biological weapon. Department of Entomology, Montana State
University.
 PLANTS
Gympies are the plants that have the most deadly poisons.
This broad-leaf heart-like plant commonly grows in rain
forests in Northeast Australia and Maluku, Indonesia. Stings
from Gympies were reportedly able to kill dogs, horses and
even humans. You can say you are lucky if you can survive
after being exposed to this plant. The reason is, the pain it
causes can last for months, even years. Once deadly, even
though this plant has been dry for hundreds of years, the
poison it contains still causes extreme pain.
 Mikrobiology
SLIDE 13
Biological Warfare Agents
Biological warfare agents differ greatly in the type of organism or toxin used in a weapons system, lethality,
length of incubation, infectiousness, stability, and ability to be treated with current vaccines and medicines.
There are five different categories of biological agents that could be weaponized and used in warfare or
terrorism. These include:
Bacteria—single-cell organisms that cause diseases such as anthrax, brucellosis, tularemia, and plague.
Rickettsiae—microorganisms that resemble bacteria but differ in that they are intracellular parasites that
reproduce inside cells. Typhus and Q fever are examples of diseases caused by rickettsia organisms.
Viruses—intracellular parasites, about 1/100 the size of bacteria, that can be weaponized to cause diseases such
as Venezuelan equine encephalitis.
Fungi—pathogens that can be weaponized for use against crops to cause such diseases as rice blast, cereal rust,
wheat smut, and potato blight.
Toxins—poisons that can be weaponized after extraction from snakes, insects, spiders, marine organisms,
plants, bacteria, fungi, and animals. An example of a toxin is ricin, which is derived from the seed of the castor
bean.

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Thank You! 
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