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C11 - Quantitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
C11 - Quantitative Data Analysis and Interpretation
QUANTITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
Research Methodology:
Tools, Methods and Techniques
Sundram, V.P.K., Chandran, V.G.R., Atikah, S.B., Rohani, M., Nazura, M.S., Akmal, A.O., & Krishnasamy, T.
Learning
Learning Objectives
Objectives
After
Aftercompleting
completingthis
thischapter,
chapter,you
youshould
shouldbe
beable
ableto:
to:
Understand
Understandthe
theimportance
importanceof
ofediting
editingthe
thecollected
collectedraw
rawdata
datatotodetect
detecterrors
errorsand
andomissions
omissions
Set
Setup
upthe
thecoding
codingkey
keyfor
forthe
thedata
dataset
setand
andcode
codethe
thedata
data
Categorize
Categorizedata
dataand
andcreate
createdata
datafiles
files
Get
Getaa‘feel’
‘feel’for
forthe
thedata
data
Test
Testthe
thegoodness
goodnessof
ofdata
data
Understand
Understandthe
theuse
useof
ofcontent
contentanalysis
analysistotointerpret
interpretand
andsummarize
summarizeopen
openquestions
questions
Understand
Understandthe
theproblems
problemsand
andsolutions
solutionsfor
for“don’t
“don’tknow”
know”responses
responses
Understand
Understandthe
theoptions
optionsfor
fordata
dataentry
entryand
andmanipulation
manipulation
Interpret
Interpret the
the computer
computer results
results and
and prepare
prepare recommendations
recommendations based
based on
on the
the quantitative
quantitative data
data
analysis
analysis
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 2
Table of Content
11.1 DATA DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
11.2 APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
11.3 INTERPRETING SELECTED DATA ANALYSIS
Largest observed
Smallest observed
value of upper
value of lower hinge
hinge
Stem-and-leaf Normal
Histogram Box plot
plot probability plot
Kolmogorov-
Smirnov statistic,
Detrended with a Lilliefors
Skewness Kurtosis
normal plot significance level
and the Shapiro-
Wilks statistic
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 9
10 Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques
• This is another measure of central tendency for quantitative
variables.
•
Median
It is defined as the value that sits right in the middle of all data
entries when they are listed in ascending order.
• This is the most powerful measure of dispersion for quantitative
data.
deviation
• It permits very sophisticated descriptions of various
Standard
distributions.
• The square of the standard deviation.
Variance
• The mean of a quantitative variable is defined as the sum of all
entries divided by their number.
Mean
11.1.4 Feel of Data
11.1.5 Goodness of Fit
Reliability – established by testing for both
consistency and stability.
Consistency indicates how well the items measuring a
concept hang together as a set. Another measure of
consistency reliability used in specific situations is the split-
half reliability coefficient.
The stability measure can be accessed through:
parallel-form reliability – when a high correlation between two
similar forms of a measure is obtained
test-retest reliability – a group of people (preferably 30 or more)
complete the questionnaire twice, with a reasonable time period
(e.g. a week) between the completions.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 11
11.1.5 Goodness of Fit
Validity
Factorial validity – established by submitting the data
for factor analysis. The results of factor analysis (a
multivariate technique) will confirm whether or not the
theorized dimensions emerge.
Criterion-related validity – established by testing for
the power of the measure to differentiate individuals
who are known to be different.
One-sample t-test
One-way ANOVA
Wilcoxon The test is used when you would use a repeated measures or paired t-test – that
●
●
is, when the same participants perform under each of the independent variable.
Mann-Whitney
●
● It tests the hypothesis that two independent samples come from populations having
the same distribution. This test is equivalent to the independent groups t-test.
Model case 1
(i) Mean
Mean is used to measure the center tendency of the arithmetic
average of the scores. To compute the mean, all the values are
added up and divided by the number of values.
The maximum amount for money supply is RM43,235.50 and a
minimum of RM33,862.70. Also, it has a mean of RM38,180.50.
The inflation (CPI) has the maximum score of 112.5% and a
minimum score of 88.9%. While it has an average score of 101.2%.
The score for government debt is within the range of RM9,435.17 to
RM11,578.86 and the mean is at RM11,264.58.
The national income variable has a minimum score of RM19,189.30
and a maximum of RM21,802.60. While the mean is RM20,359.80.
Research Methodology: Tools, Methods and Techniques 23
11.3.1 Interpretation of Descriptive Analysis
(ii) Standard deviation
Standard deviation is used to measure variability of the square root of
variance providing an index of variability in the distribution of scores.
The standard deviation for the variables of money supply, inflation,
government debt, and national income is RM1,580, 3.5%, RM1,871,
and RM2,002 respectively.
In the case inflation variable, the standard deviation is 3.5/101.2 or
3.46% of the mean where this value can be considered as small. On
the other hand, for government debt variable, the standard deviation
is 16.61% (1871/11264.58) of the mean, where this score is perceived
as a large deviation.
Model case 1
R Strength of relationship
< 0.20 Almost negligible relationship
0.20 – 0.40 Low correlation; definite but small relationship
0.40 – 0.70 Moderate correlation; substantial relationship
0.70 – 0.90 High correlation; marked relationship
> 0.90 Very high correlation; very dependable relationship
Model case 1