The Self

According to
Psychology
 What comes to
your mind when
you hear the word
“PSYCHOLOGY”?
Psychology is a scientific study of
mental processes and human
behavior. It aims to describe,
analyze, predict, and control
human behavior in general.
The Self as Cognitive Construction
The cognitive aspect of the self is known as
self-concept. Self-concept is defined as self-
knowledge, a cognitive structure that includes
beliefs about personality traits, physical
characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and
roles, as well as the knowledge that an
individual exist as individuals. As humans grow
and develop, self-concept becomes abstract
and more complex.
According to the psychologist Dr. Bruce A. Bracken in 1992, there are six
specific domains that are related to self-concept these are:
The physical domain

01 The social domain or

the ability of the
person to interact
04 or the feelings about
looks, health, physical
condition, and overall
with others;
appearance;

02 The competence
domain or the ability
to meet the basic
05 Academic domain
or the success or
failure in the
needs; school; and

The affect domain or Family domain or

03 the awareness of the

emotional states; 06 how well one
function within the
family unit.
 William James
Theory of the Self
● William James is an American
philosopher and psychologist
known for his Theory of the
Self.
● He is considered as the
founder of functionalism.
● He brought prominence to
U.S. psychology through the
publication of The Principles
of Psychology (1890).
 The “Me” and The “I”
I-Self (Pure) Me-Self
It is the self that knows
and recognizes who
(Objective)
It can be considered as
separate object or
they are and what they individual that the person
have done. It is the refers to when
agent of experience. It discussing or describing
is also called as the their personal
Pure Ego. experiences. It is also
called Empirical Me.
Components of Me-Self
Consists of everything an
Material individual
●
call uniquely as
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their
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Self family, home or style of dress

Social Refers
●
to the recognition an
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individual
●
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Self people.

Spiritual Refers
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Self
 “Most unhappiness is caused
because people listen to
themselves… instead of talking to
themselves”

-William
James
 Rogers
The Person-Centered Theory

● Carl Rogers is best known as

the founder of client-centered
therapy and considered as one
of the prominent humanistic or
existential theorists in
personality.
● His therapy aimed to make the
person achieve balance
between their self-concept
(real-self) and ideal self.
The Person-Centered Theory
Real Self Ideal Self
Refers to all information It is the idealized version
and the perception the of yourself and defined
person has about as one’s view of self as
himself. Includes all one wishes to be.
those aspects of one's
identity that are
perceived in awareness.
 “The good life is a process, not a
state of being. It is a direction not a
destination”

-Carl Rogers
 Multiple versus Unified Self
Multiple Selves Theory Unified Self
Self is a whole consist Unified being is essentially
connected to consciousness,
of parts, and these parts
awareness, and agency. A well-
manifest themselves adjusted person is able to accept
when need arise. and understood the success and
failure that they experienced. They
are those kinds of person who
continually adjust, adapt, evolve and
survive as an individual with
integrated, unified, multiple selves.
Tripartite Model ByofGregg
Human
Henriquez
Consciousness
Experiential self ●
A Donec
domain of self that defined as
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felt experience
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Consciousness)

A portion of self that verbally

Private self consciousness ●
narrates what is happening and
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system (Narrator/Interpreter)
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going on.

The domain of self that an

● individual shows
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Public self (Persona)
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see an individual.
 Winnicott
True versus Ideal Self

● Donald Winnicott was a

pediatrician in London who
studied Psychoanalysis with
Melanie Klein, a renowned
personality theorist and one
of the pioneers in object
relations and development
of personality in childhood.
 True versus False Self
True Self
A sense of integrity and connected
wholeness that is rooted in early
infancy. The baby creates
experiences of a sense of reality
and sense of life worth living.
Winnicott claimed that true self
can be achieved by good parenting
that is not necessarily a perfect
parenting.
False Self
An alternative personality used to
protect an individual’s true identity or
one’s ability to “hide” the real self.
The false self is activated to
maintain social relationship as
anticipation of the demands of
others. Unhealthy false self happens
when an individual feels forced
compliance in any situation.
“It is joy to be hidden but disaster
not to be found”

-D.W.
Winnicott
Albert Bandura
The Social Cognitive Theory
● Albert Bandura is a psychologist
and Professor Emeritus of Social
Science in Psychology at
Stanford University.
● He is known for his theory of
social learning by means of
modeling.
● He is famous for his proposed
concept of self- efficacy.
 The Social Cognitive Theory
It asserts that a person is both proactive and agentic, which means
that we have the capacity to exercise control over our life.

Proactive Self Agentic Self

Self as proactive means an
individual have control in any
situation by making things
happen. They act as agent in
doing or making themselves as
they are. Agency is a defining
feature of modern selfhood.
Agents assume some degree of
ownership and control over
things, both internally (I control
my own thoughts) and externally
(I make things happen in the
environment). The ability of an
individual to pursue their goals in
life is an example of agentic
approach to self.
 The Social Cognitive Theory
● This theory emphasized that human beings are proactive, self-
regulating, self-reflective, and self- organizing.
● Self-efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate
themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects
through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational,
affective and selection processes. A strong sense of efficacy
enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many
ways.
● In contrast Bandura said that people who doubt their capabilities shy
away from difficult tasks which they view as personal threats. They
have low aspirations and weak commitment to the goals they choose
to pursue. When faced with difficult tasks, they dwell on their personal
deficiencies, on the obstacles they will encounter, and all kinds of
adverse outcomes rather than concentrate on how to perform
successfully. They fall easy victim to stress and depression.
 “People’s beliefs about their
abilities have a profound effect on
those abilities”

-Albert
Bandura
THAN
K
YOU!
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