Sequential Synchronous Machine Design

Prerequisite
 Combinational circuits are defined as the time
independent circuits which do not depends upon
previous inputs to generate any output are termed
as combinational circuits. 
 Sequential circuits are those which are
dependent on clock cycles and depends on
present as well as past inputs to generate any
output.
 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT
 In this output depends only upon present input.
 Speed is fast.

 It is designed easy.

 There is no feedback between input and output.

 This is time independent.

 Elementary building blocks: Logic gates

 Used for arithmetic as well as boolean operations.

 Combinational circuits don’t have capability to store any state.

 As combinational circuits don’t have clock, they don’t require triggering.

 These circuits do not have any memory element.

 It is easy to use and handle.

 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUIT

 Examples – Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer,

Demultiplexer
 Block Diagram
 SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

 In this output depends upon present as well as past input.

 Speed is slow.

 It is designed tough as compared to combinational circuits.

 There exists a feedback path between input and output.

 This is time dependent.

 Elementary building blocks: Flip-flops

 Mainly used for storing data.

 Sequential circuits have capability to store any state or to retain earlier state.

 As sequential circuits are clock dependent they need triggering.

 These circuits have memory element.

 It is not easy to use and handle.

 SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

 Examples – Flip-Flops, Counters

 Block Diagram
 SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT

 Sequential Circuits are those which have the notion of an internal state.

 This notion of Internal State is necessary because in sequential circuits, the
output of the circuit is function of both the present input as well as the past
inputs.
 The Internal State of a sequential circuit is nothing but the reflection of the
past inputs to the circuit.
 Internal State of a Sequential Circuit is represented by a number of State
Variables.
 Each state variable can be in 1 of 2 possible states.
 because State Variables are physically implemented with the help of Flip-
Flops, and each Flip-Flop can only represent 2 possible states.
 Therefore, if we have ‘N’ Flip-Flops, we can represent a maximum of 2N
states.
Max. No. of States with 'N' Flip-Flops = 2N     
 SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
 the difference with the example of a Synchronous and Asynchronous 2-bit
binary UP Counter using T-Flip-Flops.

 In both the above circuits Q0 & Q1 are the State Variables denoting the Internal
State of each of the above circuits.
 Since there are 2 state variable the above sequential circuits can be in 4 possible
states.
 and the function of a counter is to cycle through these 4 states in a particular
order.
 SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
 Now the difference between Synchronous and Asynchronous Circuits is in how
the circuit goes for one Internal State to the Next Internal State.

 In a Synchronous Sequential Circuit all the State Variables representing the

internal state of the circuit change their state simultaneously with a given input
clock signal to achieve the next state.

 On the other hand in case of an Asynchronous Circuit all the State Variables
may not change their state simultaneously to achieve the next steady internal
state. (the state variables are not synchronized with any universal clock
signal.)
 COMPARISION_SYNCHRONOUS AND
ASYNCHRONOUS SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS
SYNCHRONOUS
CIRCUIT
All the State
Variable changes are
synchronized with a universal
clock signal.
Since all the Internal State
changes are in the strict
control of a master clock
source they are less prone to
failure or to a race condition
and hence are more reliable.
Timings of the internal state
changes are in our control.
ASYNCHRONOUS
CIRCUIT
The State Variables are not
synchronized to change
simulteneously and may
change at anytime irrespective
of each other to achieve the
next Steady Internal State
Since there is no such
universal clock source, the
internal state changes as soon
as any of the inputs change
and hence are more prone to a
race condition.
The changes in the internal
state of  an asynchronous
circuit are not in our control.